Adenostemma
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| JR Forest. & G.Forst. |
Adenostemma is a genus of plants in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The genus is spread pantropically with 20 to 26 species, so it occurs in the tropics and subtropics worldwide.
description
Appearance and leaves
The Adenostemma species grow as annual or perennial herbaceous plants . The leaves are arranged opposite one another on the stem. The simple leaf blade is narrowly elliptical to broadly ovate or spear-shaped with a pointed to slightly pointed upper end. The leaf margin is more or less smooth, notched or serrated to heavily serrated.
Inflorescences, flowers and fruits
The cup-shaped partial inflorescences stand in loose, umbrella-clustered , panicle-like total inflorescences. The flower heads are bell-shaped or spherical. In two or three rows are the 10 to 30 similarly shaped, herbaceous bracts (involucral sheets ), which are more or less fused at their base and can more or less overlap. The flat base of inflorescence (receptacle) can have chaff leaves depending on the type . There are no ray florets available (daisies).
The 10 to 60 tubular flowers (= disc flowers) are hermaphroditic. The mostly white or sometimes mauve-colored petals are fused into a narrow funnel-shaped corolla tube, which widens wide bell-shaped at the top and ends with four or five crown teeth. The corolla tube is covered on the outside with hairs or glands. The crown teeth are one and a half times longer than wide. The anthers are blunt or truncated at their base. The two stylus branches are elongated and widened top and dull, sometimes more or less kronblattartig, and outside papillate .
The obovate, elongated achenes are triangular to pentagonal with a glandular dotted or warty surface. The pappus consists of three to five bristles, each crowned by a round or club-shaped mass of sticky gland.
Chromosome number
The basic chromosome number is x = 10.
distribution
The genus Adenostemma has a pantropical distribution. Species occur in tropical Asia , Africa , the Neotropic and two species in Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Northern Territory).
Systematics
The genus Adenostemma was first published in 1775 in Johann Reinhold Forster & Georg Forster in Characteres Generum Plantarum. P. 45, plate 45. This genus was also cited in JRForst. & G.Forst .: Characteres Generum Plantarum. 2nd Edition. 1776, pp. 89-90, plate 45. The type species is Adenostemma viscosum J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. A synonym for Adenostemma J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. is Lavenia Swartz .
The genus Adenostemma belongs to the subtribe Adenostemmatinae from the tribe Eupatorieae in the subfamily Asteroideae within the family Asteraceae .
There are 20 to 26 species in the genus Adenostemma :
- Adenostemma berteroi DC. : It occurs only in the Dominican Republic.
- Adenostemma brasilianum (Pers.) Cass.
- Adenostemma caffrum DC. : This annual plant thrives in swamps and locations where there is fresh water during the rainy season. It is widespread in Africa. In the IUCN's Red List of Endangered Species, it is rated as “Least Concern” = “not endangered”.
- Adenostemma cuatrecasasii R.M. King & H.Rob.
- Adenostemma fosbergii R.M. King & H.Rob.
- Adenostemma glutinosum DC.
- Adenostemma goyazense R.M. King & H.Rob.
- Adenostemma harlingii R.M. King & H.Rob. : It is only known from a single collection from 1980 in a disturbed area near Baeza in Ecuador. Although several collective expeditions were undertaken in a large area around this location, this species could not be found again. This forest at an altitude of around 200 meters is considered to be endangered by deforestation. In the IUCN's Red List of Endangered Species, it is rated as "Vulnerable".
- Adenostemma hirsutum (flower) DC.
- Adenostemma hirtiflorum Benth.
- Adenostemma involucratum R.M. King & H.Rob.
- Adenostemma lanceolatum Miq. : It occurs in Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , the Marshall Islands , Micronesia and the Society Islands .
- Adenostemma lavenia (L.) Kuntze : It occurs in Sri Lanka.
- Adenostemma macrophyllum (flower) DC.
- Adenostemma madurense DC.
- Adenostemma perrottetii DC.
- Adenostemma platyphyllum Cass. : It occurs in Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Bolivia, Peru and the Galapagos Islands.
- Adenostemma renschiae J.Kost.
- Adenostemma reticulatum DC.
- Adenostemma suffruticosum Gardner
- Adenostemma vargasii R.M. King & H.Rob.
- Adenostemma verbesina (L.) Sch.Bip.
- Adenostemma viscosum J.R. Forest. & G. Forst. : It issummarizedby some authors with Adenostemma lavenia to a species. It occurs in tropical and southern Africa, Mauritius and Madagascar, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, China, Japan, Korea, Australia, Fiji, Micronesia and Hawaii.
- Adenostemma vitiense H.Rob.
- Adenostemma zakii R.M. King & H.Rob. : It is only known from a single collection from 1987 on the Chillanes-Bucay road near the Hacienda Tiquibuso in the Ecuadorian province of Bolívar. This mountain forest at altitudes between 2000 and 2500 meters is threatened by deforestation. In the IUCN's Red List of Endangered Species, it is rated as "Vulnerable".
swell
- MF Porteners: Adenostemma in the New South Wales Flora Online . (Section Description and Distribution)
- Yilin Chen, Takayuki Kawahara, DJ Nicholas Hind: Tribus Eupatorieae : Adenostemma. In: Wu Zheng-Yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 20-21: Asteraceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 , p. 881. (Description and distribution section)
Individual evidence
- ^ A b c d MF Porteners: Adenostemma in the New South Wales Flora Online .
- ↑ a b c d Yilin Chen, Takayuki Kawahara, DJ Nicholas Hind: Tribus Eupatorieae : Adenostemma. In: Wu Zheng-Yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 20-21: Asteraceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 , p. 881.
- ^ Adenostemma at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ Assessment of recognized names in the Global Compositae Checklist .
- ↑ Assessment of recognized names at ThePlantlist .
- ↑ a b c d e Adenostemma in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
- ↑ adenostemma caffrum in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2011. Posted by: J.-P. Ghogue, 2010. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
- ↑ adenostemma harlingii in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2011. Posted by: R. Montúfar & N. Pitman, 2003. Retrieved on January 2 2012th
- ↑ adenostemma Zakii in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2011. Posted by: R. Montúfar & N. Pitman, 2003. Retrieved on January 2 2012th
