Adhan
The Adhān ( Arabic أَذَان Adhan , DMG aḏān ), also Azān , is the Islamic call to prayer. He is traditionally called in Arabic five times a day for the call to common prayer ( salāt ) by the muezzin and for Friday prayer . The linguistic root is ʾadhina أَذِنَand means something like listening or being informed. The word ʾudhun comes from the same root أُذُن for ear.
In large mosques it is called from the minaret , in small mosques from the door or from the side of the building. Today this is mostly done over loudspeakers. The adhan calls the faithful to a place of prayer, while immediately before the start of prayer in the interior of the mosque again the so-called Iqama (prayer on call) sounds that up to an additional line is similar to the adhan.
Classification under ritual law
The four Sunni schools of law agree that Adhān and Iqāma are prescribed by religious law for the five daily prayers and the Friday prayer . While they are classified as Sunna (Islamic tradition, deeds of the Prophet) in the Hanafi , Maliki and Shafiite madhhab , Ahmad ibn Hanbal - the founder of the Hanafi school of law - declared them to be farḍ al-kifāya, i.e. a duty that is fulfilled by that one fulfills them for the community. Adhān is not intended for women.
history
The first adhān in the history of Islam is said to have been given by Bilal al-Habaschi , a freed Abyssinian slave and close confidante of the Prophet, around 623, shortly after the emigration , after the Prophet Mohammed , inspired by ʿAbd Allah ibn Zaid, had decided to call to prayer ( Hijra ) from the city of Mecca .
Before adhān was chosen as the form of the call to prayer, alternatives were suggested, for example a fire, a horn signal (according to the Jewish shofar ) or the use of naqus .
During the Corona crisis, the calls to prayer were slightly modified in numerous Muslim regions. Either the passage "up to prayer" ( ḥayy ʿala ṣ-ṣalāt ) was replaced by z. B. "pray in your houses" ( aṣ-ṣalātu fī buyūtikum or ṣallū fī buyūtikum and others) replaced or corresponding passages added at the end of the call. The measure is based on hadith compendia, e.g. B. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Buḫārī, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim or Sunan Abī Dāwūd, narrated hadiths of the Prophet Muḥammad . It says that when it rained, Muḥammad ordered his muezzin to change the call to prayer in order not to make prayer more difficult for the believers.
Controversy
In Germany, the Adhān must adhere to the Federal Immission Control Act . The implementation is articulated differently from region to region.
text
| Repeat | Arabic | Wording of the Adhān | German translation | comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 × | الله أكبر الله أكبر | Allāhu akbar Allāhu akbar | Allah (God or deity) is great (greater than everything and comparable to nothing) | Maliki and Hanefite school of law: 2 × |
| 2 × | أشهد أن لا اله إلا الله | Ašhadu an lā ilāha illā llāh | I testify that there is no deity but Allah | - |
| 2 × | أشهد أن محمدا رسول الله | Ashadu anna Muḥammadan rasūlu llāh | I testify that Mohammed is Allah's Messenger | - |
| 2 × | حي على الصلاة | Ḥayya ʿalā ṣ-ṣalāt | Hurry to prayer | - |
| 2 × | حي على الفلاح | Ḥayya ʿalā l-falāḥ | Rush to bliss (salvation / success) | - |
| 2 × | الصلاة خير من النوم | aṣ-Ṣalātu ḫayrun mina n-naum | Prayer is better than sleep | Sunnis only (only for morning prayers)
Prohibited among Shiites |
| 2 × | الله أكبر | Allāhu akbar | Allah is great (greater than anything and like nothing) | - |
| 1 × | لا إله إلا الله | Lā ilāha illā llāh | There is no deity but Allah | Shiites 2 × |
The formula Ḥayya ʿalā ḫayri l-ʿamal is used exclusively by Shiites when calling to prayer and serves as a distinguishing mark for them . When it sounds from the minaret of a mosque, the audience knows that the Shia is decisive here . Furthermore, after the prophethood, Shiites usually testify to the Imamat of Ali by calling out Ašhadu anna ʿAlīyan Walīyu llāh twice , but this is not regarded as a compulsory part of Adhān.
Regional particularities
- In Abu Dhabi City the call to prayer is coordinated. The muezzin of the Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque calls to prayer from all mosques in the city . The Egyptian minister for religious foundations, Hamdi Zaqzuq , suggested in 2004 that the calls to prayer in Cairo should also be carried out centrally by a single muezzin, but his attempt failed.
- In Indonesia , people often do without a muezzin and call to prayer by striking the gong.
- In Marseille , France , the Muslim community of the new large mosque has also deliberately avoided calling the muezzin and instead sends out a light signal for prayer - “as a sign of assimilation ”.
- Germany: see Islam in Germany: muezzin calls
Adhān in Turkey
As a pioneer of the Turkish national identity, Ziya Gökalp first formulated the wish for a liturgy in the Turkish language in the poem Va (an (“The Fatherland”, 1918) . The first stanza reads in German translation:
A country in which the muezzin sings the call to prayer in Turkish,
Where the peasant's simple intellect grasps the meaning of his prayers, Where
the Koran sounds everywhere from the mouth of the pupil in Turkish,
Where everyone, big and small,
knows the divine commandment: O know it, you Turk, this country, it is your fatherland!
In the course of linguistic Turkishization ( Öztürkçe ), the Adhān was proclaimed in Turkish from 1932 . The nationally obligatory Turkish call to prayer was introduced on July 18, 1932 by order of the Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı . On June 16, 1950, the parliament passed an amending law, with which the criminal law prohibition (Art. 526 para. 2 tStGB old version) to call the Adhān and Iqāma in Arabic, repealed and the Arabic call to prayer at the beginning of the Ramadan 1369 AH (June 17, 1950) was re-admitted.
text
| Repeat | Wording of the Adhān | Turkish wording | German translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4 × | Allāhu akbar | Tanrı uludur | God is great |
| 2 × | Ashadu to la ilaha illa-llah | Şüphesiz bilirim bildiririm Tanrı'dan başka yoktur tapacak | No doubt I know and proclaim that there is nothing to worship but God |
| 2 × | Ashadu anna Muhammadan rasūlu llāh | Şüphesiz bilirim bildiririm Tanrı'nın elçisidir Muhammed | No doubt I know and proclaim that Muhammad is God's Messenger |
| 2 × | Hayya ʿalā-ṣ-ṣalāh | Haydi namaza | Off to (ritual) prayer |
| 2 × | Hayya 'alā-l-falāḥ | Haydi felaha | On to bliss (salvation / success) |
| 2 × | aṣ-ṣalātu khayrun mina-n-naum | Namaz uykudan hayırlıdır | Prayer is better (more blissful) than sleep |
| 2 × | Allāhu akbar | Tanrı uludur | God is great |
| 1 × | Lā ilāha illā llāh | Tanrı'dan başka yoktur tapacak | There is nothing to worship but God |
variants
A specialty in Turkey is the performance of the Adhān in different Makam . In Turkey, a different type of melody is used at each of the five times of prayer, but this can also be found in other places. The makam tradition in Turkey is:
| Prayer time | Makam |
|---|---|
| Sabah (Fajr / Morning) | Sabâ or Dilkeşhâveran |
| Öğle (Dhur / noon) | Sabâ or Hicaz |
| İkindi (Asr / afternoon) | Hicaz |
| Akşam (Magreb / evening) | Hicaz or Rast |
| Yatsı (Isha / night) | Hicaz, Bayatî, Nevâ or Rast |
literature
- Th. W. Juynboll: Adhān . In: EJ Brill's First Encyclopaedia Of Islam 1913-1936 . Leiden 1987, Vol. I, books.google.de
- Liyakat A. Takim: “From Bidʿa to Sunna: The Wilāya of ʿAlī in the Shīʿī Adhān” in Journal of the American Oriental Society 120 (2000) 166-177.
Web links
- Turkish-Islamic Congregation Arnsberg : The Adhan (Turkish Ezan) (audio and translation)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Adhan - spelling, meaning, definition, origin. Duden , accessed on May 3, 2016 .
- ↑ Salat - spelling, meaning, definition, origin. Duden, accessed on May 3, 2016 .
- ↑ Ibn Hubaira: al-Ifṣāḥ ʿan maʿānī aṣ-ṣiḥāḥ . Dar al-Kutub al-ʿilmīya, Beirut 1996. Vol. I., p. 64 ( Bāb al-aḏān ).
- ↑ Schmidmeier, Fabian: "Pray in your houses!" - The Islamic call to prayer in times of Corona , Abrahamic Studies, https://abrahamicstudies.com/2020/03/18/betet-in-euren-haeusern-der-islamische- call-to-prayer-in-times-of-corona /
- ↑ Peter Heimann: What the muezzin call has to do with pollution control . Retrieved November 27, 2018.
- ↑ muezzin in uproar over Cairo's plan for a single call to prayer. October 13, 2004, archived from the original on March 20, 2006 ; accessed on January 19, 2015 (English).
- ↑ Mosque with no muezzin, only light , The Times of India , December 29, 2009 (archived)
- ↑ Erich Pritsch: Communications from the Association of Asian Fighters. VI, 1924, 113, WI XV 30 u. Special volume 1941, 127, quoted from Gotthard Jäschke: Islam in the new Turkey. A legal historical investigation. In: The world of Islam. Neue Serie, Vol. 1, No. 1-2, 1951, pp. 3-174 (69).
- ^ Klaus Kreiser: History of Turkey. From Ataturk to the present. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-406-64065-0 , p. 67.
- ↑ Law No. 5665 of June 16, 1950. In: Official Journal , No. 7535 of June 17, 1950, p. 18633 resmigazete.gov.tr (PDF; 3.62 MB).
- ↑ Umut Azak: Secularism in Turkey as a Nationalist Search for Vernacular Islam . In: Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée . No. 124 , November 28, 2008, ISSN 0997-1327 , p. 161–179 , doi : 10.4000 / remmm.6025 ( openedition.org [accessed October 9, 2018]).
- ↑ Gotthard Jäschke: Islam in the new Turkey. A legal historical investigation. In: The world of Islam. Neue Serie, Volume 1, No. 1-2, 1951, pp. 3-174 (76 ff.).