Ziya Gökalp

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ziya Bey
Gökalps tomb in Istanbul

Mehmed Ziya (* 23. March 1876 in Çermik ; † 25. October 1924 in Istanbul ) in 1911 under the pen name Ziya Gokalp , was known a Turkish political journalist, essayist, intellectual and co-founder of sociology in the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey . The establishment of modern Turkey as a secular state can largely be traced back to the intellectual orientation that Gökalp's ideas had prepared. His ideology provides for a strict rejection of ( pan ) Islamism and Ottomanism , instead Turkish nationalism is emphasized. Gökalp is of Zaza descent.

Youth, studies, first publications

His father was a journalist in Diyarbakır. Through him Gökalp got to know the Young Ottoman patriotism and constitutionalism . During his school career at a modern college, he learned French and modern sciences. After his father's death, his uncle taught him Persian and Arabic and brought him closer to the works of classical Islamic education.

Gökalp went to Istanbul in 1895. The clash of faith, mysticism and modern science in his mind as well as the rejection of his plans for a higher education in Istanbul by his uncle had previously driven him to attempt suicide, from which he was through his friend Dr. Abdullah Cevdet had been held.

In Istanbul Gökalp attended the veterinary school and got to know his future comrades İbrahim Temo and İshak Sukûti. His liberal and revolutionary phase of life began through his studies and through his accession to the then still secret organization of unity and progress (İttihad ve Terakki). In 1897 he was therefore arrested and sentenced to one year in prison and then sent into exile in Diyarbakır. After the Young Turks came to power in 1908, he became one of the most famous Ottoman scribes.

In 1909 he was elected to the Central Committee of İttihad ve Terakki in Selânik (today's Salonika ) . He and a group of young writers brought out the periodicals Genç Kalemler ( Young Feathers or Young Writers ) and Yeni Felsefe Mecmuası ( The Journal of New Philosophy ), which were interested in the democratization of language and literature and the development of an ideology who sought the social change that was the goal of the constitutional revolution of 1908. This group led to the appearance of two tendencies: a materialist and socialist and an ideological and nationalist, with Gökalp becoming the leading name of the latter tendency, the former tendency soon disappeared.

Theory of ideas and effectiveness

Gökalp lived in Istanbul from 1912 to 1919. In 1912 he was appointed the first professor of sociology at the Darülfünun . During this time he made the acquaintance of established intellectuals from Kazan , Crimea and Azerbaijan , which gave his nationalism a pan-Turkish look. He became a member of the Türk Ocağı (German Turkish Homeland Association ).

But Gökalp remained primarily the nationalist ideologue of the Turks of the Ottoman Empire. According to his ideology, the Turks of the Ottoman Empire should cultivate a national consciousness due to the challenges posed by the non-Turkish peoples of the disintegrating Empire. Gökalp's key concept was culture, which he defined as “values ​​and institutions” that “differentiated one nation from another”. The Turkish nation was to emerge from the mixture of eastern and western civilization. The elements of Islam , which had become an integral part of Turkish culture, should be preserved as a spiritual force, the Turkish nation should be westernized as long as the Western values ​​remained in harmony with one's own culture and belief.

Through several articles and through his professorship at Istanbul University, he worked out his approach to reforms in the fields of education, language, family, justice , economy and religion.

After his defeat in the First World War , he was exiled by the British along with several Turkish statesmen and intellectuals to Malta , where he stayed for two years. In 1921 he returned to Turkey and joined the national movement led by Mustafa Kemal . In 1923 he became a member of Diyarbakır's new parliament. In 1924 he died as a member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey .

Professionally impressed especially by Durkheim , he was a young Turkish advocate of modernization and had a not insignificant influence on Ataturk . So he designed a new concept for the new Turkish republic. In doing so, he fused Turkish traditions with some Western ideas. The strongest pillars of his ideology were Islam and Turkishness. He is considered one of the most prominent advocates of Turanism . According to the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Turkey , Ziya Gökalp was a Freemason .

Ziya Gökalp also wrote poetry, but remained mainly an essayist. His only book, Türk Medeniyet Tarihi (The History of Turkish Civilization), remained unfinished and was published posthumously. Gökalp coined the modern concept of the Turkish nation in what is probably his most famous work, “The Basics of Turkism” (1923), following on from Ernest Renan . In it he rejected any form of the nationalism or racism that prevailed in Europe at the time and acknowledged his Turkish identity.

Outside Turkey, Gökalp had an influence on Sati 'al-Husri. Al-Husri left Turkey in 1919 to join the Arab national movement, although he seems to have adopted Gökalp's theories.

Works

  • Kızıl Elma (The Red Apple, Istanbul 1330 and 1914)
  • Türkleşmek, İslamlaşmak, Muasırlaşmak (Turkishization, Islamization, modernization, Istanbul 1918)
  • Yeni Hayat (New Life, Istanbul 1918)
  • Altın Işık (Golden Light, Istanbul 1339 and 1923)
  • Türk Töresi (Turkish tradition, 1923)
  • Doğru Yol (The Right Way, 1923)
  • Türkçülüğün Esasları (Basics of Turkism, Ankara 1339 and 1923)
  • Türk Medeniyet Tarihi (History of Turkish Civilization, posthumously 1926)
  • Kürt Aşiretleri Hakkında Sosyolojik Tetkikler ( Sociological Studies of the Kurdish Tribes)
  • Malta mektupları (letters from Malta), ed. Ali Nüzhet Göksel, Istanbul 1931
  • Ziya Gökalp ve Çınaraltı (Ziya Gökalp - Under the Maple), ed. Ali Nüzhet Göksel, Istanbul 1939
  • Fırka nedir? (What is a party?), Ed. EB Şapolyo, Zonguldak 1947
  • Ziya Gökalp: hayatı, sanatı, eseri (Ziya Gökalp: his life, his art, his work), ed. AN Göksel, Istanbul 1952
  • Ziya Gökalp külliyatı, Şiirler ve halk masalları (Ziya Gökalp Collection, Poems and Folk Tales), ed. FA Tansel, Ankara 1952
  • Yeni Türkiyenin hedefleri (The Goals of the New Turkey), Ankara 1956
  • Ziya Gökalpın ilk yazı hayatı, 1894-1909 (The first writings of Ziya Gökalp, 1894-1909), ed. Şevket Beysanoğlu, Istanbul 1956
  • Turkish nationalism and Western civilization: selected essays of Ziya Gökalp (Turkish nationalism and western civilization: selected essays by Ziya Gökalp), translated and edited. Niyazi Berkes, London / New York 1959

Literature on Ziya Gökalp

  • Niyazi Berkes Ziya Gökalp: his contribution to Turkish nationalism (Ziya Gökalp: his contribution to Turkish nationalism), in MEJ, viii (1954), pp. 375-390
  • J. Deny Ziya Goek Alp , in RMM, lxi (1925), pp. 1-41
  • Kâzım Nami Duru Ziya Gökalp , Istanbul 1949
  • Emin Erişirgil Bir fikir adamının romanı (The novel of a thinker), Istanbul 1941
  • Ziyaeddin Fahri Ziya Gökalp, sa vie et sa sociologie (Ziya Gökalp, his life and his sociology), Paris 1935
  • A. Fischer From the religious reform movement in Turkey , Leipzig 1922
  • Richard Hartmann Ziya Gökalp's Foundations of Turkish Nationalism , in OLZ, xxviii (1925), pp. 578–610
  • Uriel Heyd Foundations of Turkish nationalism: the life and teachings of Ziya Gökalp (Fundamentals of Turkish nationalism: the life and teachings of Ziya Gökalp), London 1950
  • Ahmed Muhiddin The Cultural Movement in Modern Turkish Culture , Leipzig 1921
  • Ali Nüzhet Göksel Ziya Gökalp: hayatı ve eserleri (Ziya Gökalp: his life and works), Istanbul 1949
  • Saffet Örfi Ziya Gökalp ve mefkure (Ziya Gökalp and Ideology), Istanbul 1923
  • Taha Parla The social and political thought of Ziya Gökalp. 1876-1924 (The social and political reflection of Ziya Gökalp). Brill, Leiden 1985, ISBN 90-04-07229-2
  • Ettore Rossi Uno scrittore turco contemporaneo; Ziya Gök Alp , in OM, iv (1924), pp. 574-595
  • Katy Schröder Turkey in the shadow of nationalism . BoD, Norderstedt 2003, ISBN 3-8311-4266-1 , pp. 50-54
  • Enver B. Şapolyo Ziya Gökalp, Ittihad ve Terakki ve Meşrutiyet (Ziya Gökalp, Unity and Progress and Constitutionalism), Istanbul 1943
  • Osman Tolga Ziya Gökalp ve iktisadi fikirleri (Ziya Gökalp and his economic thoughts), Istanbul 1949
  • Cavit O. Tütengil Ziya Gökalp hakkında bir biblioğrafya denemesi (The attempt at a bibliography on Ziya Gökalp), Istanbul 1949
  • Cavit O. Tütengil Ziya Gökalp'ın Diyarbekir gazetelerinde çıkan yazıları (The writings of Ziya Gökalp that appeared in Diyarbakır's newspapers), Istanbul 1954
  • HZ Ülken Ziya Gökalp , Istanbul (no year)
  • Alexander Safarian, Ziya Gökalp on National Education, "Iran and the Caucasus", vol.8.2, Brill, Leiden - Boston, 2004, pp. 219-229.

Web links

Wikiquote: Ziya Gökalp  - Quotes
Commons : Ziya Gökalp  - collection of images, videos and audio files

swell

  1. ↑ Ziya Gökalp Kimdir? - Ziya Gökalp Hayatı ve Biyografisi. Retrieved March 14, 2020 .
  2. ↑ Niyazi Berkes in Encyclopaedia of Islam , article GÖKALP, ZIYA ( Memento from April 19, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) - […] Turkish thinker, born Mehmed Diya (Ziya) at Diyarbakr in 1875 or 1876 and known by his pen name after 1911 . [...]
  3. ↑ Encyclopaedia of Islam GÖKALP, ZIYA - [...] The establishment of modern Turkey as a secular nation-state is greatly indebted to the orientation prepared by Gökalp's ideas. [...]
  4. ^ Taha Parla: The Social and Political Thought of Ziya Gökalp: 1876-1924 . BRILL, 1985, ISBN 90-04-07229-2 ( google.at [accessed on May 16, 2018]).
  5. ^ Hendrik Fenz: Structural constraints, personal freedoms: Ottomans, Turks, Muslims: reflections on social upheavals: memorial volume in honor of Petra Kappert . In: Studies on the history and culture of the Islamic Orient . tape 21 . Walter de Gruyter, 2009, ISBN 978-3-11-020055-3 , p. 31 ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed January 5, 2017] illustrated).
  6. ↑ Famous Turkish Freemasons ( Memento from July 17, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  7. ↑ Niyazi Berkes in Encyclopaedia of Islam , article GÖKALP, ZIYA. There is a German source from al-Husri: Das Islamische Band, in Andreas Meier, ed .: The political order of Islam. Programs and Criticism between Fundamentalism and Reforms. Original voices from the Islamic world. Peter Hammer Verlag , Wuppertal 1994, ISBN 3-87294-616-1 , pp. 115-122. With the introduction of the publisher: Pan-Arabism versus Pan-Islamism .
personal data
SURNAME Ziya Gökalp
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Mehmet Ziya
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Turkish political publicist, sociologist, intellectual
DATE OF BIRTH March 23, 1875 or March 23, 1876
PLACE OF BIRTH Diyarbakır
DATE OF DEATH October 25, 1924
Place of death Istanbul