Turkish nationalism
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Turkish nationalism ( Turkish, Türk milliyetçiliği ) is an ideology that worships Turkishness , the Turkish language , the Turkish state and Mustafa Kemal Ataturk . This can be found in the left as well as in the right political spectrum of Turkey and can be assigned primarily to civic, ethnic and inclusive nationalism . One of the six arrows of Kemalism , the founding ideology of Turkey and the guiding principle of the Republican People's Party (CHP), stands for nationalism.
One of the themes of nationalist politics is the denial attitude towards the genocide of the Armenians and the Aramaeans as well as the expulsion of the Pontic Greeks . " Insulting Turkishness " was punishable under Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code .
history
The idea of Turanism or the idea of a Pan-Turkish state found supporters in the Ottoman Empire as early as the 19th century . The Young Turkish Triumvirate later pursued a policy aimed at spreading this ideology. Among the Young Turks , Enver Pascha is particularly emphasized as the person who dreamed the most of a "Turan Empire".
With the Turkish Liberation War and its protagonist, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk , a new wave of Turkish national consciousness arose. So the solar language theory was propagated, reforms of the language carried out and the Turkish thesis of history taught. For example, İsmet İnönü said in a newspaper article on August 31, 1930: “In this country only the Turkish nation has the right to make national claims. Otherwise nobody has such a right. ”And his Justice Minister Bozkurt said a little later:“ Anyone who is not of purely Turkish descent has only one right in this country: to be a servant, to be a slave. ” Turanism or efforts to get a Pan-Turkish State were rejected by Ataturk.
With the parliamentary elections in 1954 , the Nationspartei (MP) was the first party represented in parliament that primarily viewed itself as nationalist. One of the party members, Alparslan Türkeş , later became the founder of the Party of the Nationalist Movement (MHP), the Gray Wolves and Idealism and is therefore considered to be a founder of Turkish right-wing extremism .
variants
Kemalism
One of the so-called "six arrows" (Turkish Altı Ok ) of Kemalism , the politics and founding ideology of Turkey applied by the state founder Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, as well as the guiding principle of his party, the Republican People's Party (CHP), is nationalism.
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The Kemalist revolution brought an end to the Ottoman millet system , a religiously defined legal system. Instead, the (Turkish) nationality of everyone living in Turkey was highlighted, regardless of their origin. Kemalist nationalism is expressed in a motto of Ataturk, which is still present among Turks and in Turkey: Ne mutlu Türk'üm diyene ("Happy is he who calls himself a Turk").
Pan-Turkism
Pan-Turkism became increasingly popular in Azerbaijan (then part of the Russian Empire ) and the Ottoman Empire in the 1880s and had set itself the goal of uniting all Turkic peoples . It is interpreted as a response to the flare-up of Pan-Slavism , Pan- Germanism and Pan- Iranism . The movement is differentiated from Turanism in that the latter also refers to Finno-Ugrians , Mongols and Manchu-Tungus peoples .
Anatolism
A nationalist ideology that contrasts Pan-Turkism / Turanism is Anatolism (Anadoluculuk) , which regards Anatolia as the origin of Turkish culture. The battle at Manzikert , with which a new civilization is said to have emerged in Anatolia, should serve as the basis for this .
Turkish-Islamic synthesis
The Motherland Party (ANAP) shaped Turkey with its policy of Turkish-Islamic synthesis for over ten years (with a few interruptions from 1983 to 1999), during which it provided the Prime Minister . However, even after the coup of 1980 , this synthesis was perceived by many as the ideology practiced by the state. The policy of the Justice and Recovery Party (AKP) since the 2010s is also included here.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Young Turks | Turkish nationalist movement . In: Encyclopedia Britannica . ( britannica.com [accessed April 13, 2018]).
- ^ Nationalism. Retrieved April 13, 2018 (Turkish).
- ↑ Klaus Kreiser: The history of Turkey . CH Beck, 2012, ISBN 978-3-406-64065-0 , pp. 41 .
- ^ Pan-Turkism | political movement, Turkey. Retrieved February 5, 2020 .
- ^ Eliézer Ben Rafael, Yitzhak Sternberg: Identity, Culture and Globalization . BRILL, 2002, ISBN 90-04-12873-5 ( google.at [accessed on April 13, 2018]).
- ↑ Türk-İslam sentezi nedir, ne değildir? -1- / Prof. Dr. Yümni Sezen . In: Yeni Çağ Gazetesi . ( com.tr [accessed April 13, 2018]).
- ^ Judith Hoffmann: The rise and change of political Islam in Turkey . Verlag Hans Schiler, 2003, ISBN 978-3-89930-024-6 ( google.at [accessed on April 13, 2018]).
- ^ Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com): #NewNationalism: Turkey takes its nationalism with a dose of Islam | DW | 09/19/2017. Retrieved April 13, 2018 .