Alexander Sergejewitsch Griboyedow

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Alexander Griboyedov

Alexander Griboyedov ( Russian Александр Сергеевич Грибоедов ; born January 4 . Jul / 15. January  1795 greg. In Moscow , † January 30 jul. / 11. February  1829 greg. In Tehran ) was a Russian diplomat and playwright . His comedy Mind Creates Suffering or: Woe to the Mind (Gore ot uma) is the most frequently performed play in Russia.

Life

Alexander Sergejewitsch Gribojedow studied from 1810 to 1812 at the Moscow State University . After completing his studies, he joined a hussar regiment, but left the service as early as 1816. A year later he switched to public administration. In 1818 he became secretary of the Russian embassy in Persia , from where he was transferred to Tbilisi in Georgia . There he quickly gained a foothold in the political elite, was involved in urban planning concepts, the establishment of cultural institutions and educational establishments and the founding of a Russian-Georgian newspaper.

Griboyedov started writing early. In 1816 he wrote the verse comedy Molodyje suprugi ( The young married couple ) for a stage in Saint Petersburg , which was followed by other plays of the same kind. But none of these dramas achieved such success and long-term effects as his comedy Gore ot uma (Eng. Understanding creates suffering or: woe to the mind ), a biting satire on the Russian aristocracy . It was rejected by the censors and circulated as a multiple copy among the intellectual elite.

Griboyedov returned to Tbilisi disappointed and devoted himself to a plan to restructure the economy and culture in Transcaucasia , which was intended to push the development of industry, agriculture and trade. After the Russo-Persian War in 1828 he was an advisor to the governor of Georgia, Count Ivan Fyodorowitsch Paskewitsch , and took part in the peace negotiations with Persia. When he was sent to Saint Petersburg with the contract ready for signature, he was given a great reception there. The treaty went down in history as the Peace of Turkmanchai . To this day, the treaty is regarded in Iran as one of the most humiliating treaties the country has ever had to sign. In addition to territorial losses and high reparation payments, the country lost its navigation rights on the Caspian Sea . Furthermore, Persia had to recognize the surrender rights of Russian citizens. Specifically, this meant that no Iranian civil servant was allowed to enter the building of a Russian citizen in Iran without first obtaining permission from the Russian embassy. All legal claims against Russian citizens were subject to Russian case law.

After 1828 Griboyedov planned to devote himself entirely to literature. He began to work on a romantic drama, Grusinskaya notsch (German: Georgian night ). On April 22nd, 1828 he married the Georgian princess Nino Chavchavadze , a daughter of the poet Alexander Chavchavadze . Griboyedov played the piano, organ and flute and composed two waltzes and a sonata.

The main outer belt asteroid (2837) Griboedov is named after him. The same applies to the Gora Gribojedowa mountain in Antarctica.

Alexander Griboyedov's grave on the Pantheon in Tbilisi

Death in Tehran

In the same year he was sent to Persia as Minister Plenipotentiary to supervise the processing of the unpaid payment of the reparations agreed in the Turkmanchai Peace Treaty to Russia and to discuss this with Fath Ali Shah . A few days before his return trip, an incident occurred that was to lead to the death of Griboyedov. An Armenian Christian by the name of Mirza Jacub, who had been taken prisoner by Persia and converted to Islam, went to the embassy and asked for protection and support on his way back home. Mirza Jacub was in the service of the Shah and had made it up to the treasurer of the harem of Fath Ali Shah. Mirza Jacub's flight to the Russian embassy was seen as disregard by the Shah and his ministers and Griboyedov was asked to extradite Mirza Jacub. The situation was made worse when two young Armenian women sought asylum at the Russian embassy. A crowd of several hundred armed demonstrators had gathered outside the embassy and threatened to storm the embassy if Mirza Jacub was not extradited. On the evening of January 29, Islamic clergy took over the leadership of the mob. They spread the news that two Muslim women who were being converted to Christianity were being held captive in the embassy. The next day there was no stopping them and the embassy was stormed. In addition to Griboyedov, 44 people from the Russian embassy staff were killed. The embassy was completely pillaged.

The body of Gribojedow was transferred to Tbilisi at his will, where he was buried first in a monastery and in 1832 in a grotto on the site of today's Pantheon on Mtatsminda. The grave became a place of pilgrimage for Russian writers.

The death of Griboyedov turned into a political scandal between Russia and Persia. In order to prevent the Tsar from invading Persia again, the Shah sent envoys to Saint Petersburg , who laid one of the largest diamonds in the world, the Shah diamond, at the feet of Tsar Nicholas I.

Griboyedov on the National Monument Thousand Years of Russia in Veliky Novgorod

Gore ot uma (Горе от ума)

The comedy Gore ot uma criticizes Russian society. A senior official described it as a "satirical pamphlet against Moscow". The actual story of the piece is rather thin, but the representation of social types is all the more precise. The main characters are Famusov , a lover of traditional mismanagement and hater of reforms , his secretary Molchalin , a first-rate servile flatterer, Reptilov , a young nobleman, liberal and crazy about the English way of life, and Chatsky , an ironic satirist who has just returned from Western Europe and is over makes fun of the weaknesses of others. He is the hero of the play. His words reflected the views of the young intellectuals of Russia that culminated in the Decembrist uprising of 1825.

Although the play is rooted in the classic French comedy Molière , the types in Griboyedov are more individual and the interactions between individual and society are a sparkling dialectical give and take. Mikhail Bulgakov later named the main locations of his satirical novel The Master and Margarita after Griboyedov.

Griboyedov wrote the piece in Georgia and Russia in the summer of 1823, then brought it to Saint Petersburg. There it was rejected by the censorship authority . It was never printed in his lifetime. However, there were many copies of it that were in private circulation. The first edition was published in 1833, four years after his death. He saw it on stage only once, in December 1827, performed by officers of the garrison in Yerevan .

literature

  • Herbert Lembcke: AS Griboedov in Germany: Study of the reception of AS Griboedov and the translations of his comedy "Verstand creates suffering" - "Gore ot uma" in Germany in the 19th and 20th centuries . Greifswald, Univ., Diss., 2003
  • Witold Kosny: AS Griboedov - Poet and Minister: The contemporary reception of his comedy "Gore ot uma" (1824-1832) . Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1985, ISBN 3-447-02523-9
  • Caroline Baumgarten: The late classicist Russian comedy between 1805 and 1822: Study of Sachovskoj, Zagoskin Chmel'nicki and Griboedov . Sagner, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-87690-695-4
  • Jurij Tynjanov: The death of the Vizier-Muchtar : historical novel . People and World, Berlin 1976
  • Laurence Kelly: Diplomacy and murder in Tehran: Alexander Griboyedov and Imperial Russia's mission to the Shah of Persia . Tauris, London [u. a.] 2002, ISBN 1-86064-869-X
  • Daniel-Henri Pageaux, Christian Barataud: Le misanthrope au théatre: Ménandre, Molière, Griboïedov . Feijóo, Mugron 1990, ISBN 2-87817-006-7
  • Sergej A. Fomicev (Ed.): AS Griboedov: materialy k biografii; sbornik naucnych trudov . Nauka, Leningrad 1989, ISBN 5-02-027908-0
  • Ivan Konstantinovic Enikolopov: Griboedov v Gruzii . Zarja vostoka, Tbilisi 1954

Works

  • Aleksandr Griboedov: Mind creates suffering. Comedy in four acts . Publisher: Reclam Philipp Jun., 1991, ISBN 978-3-15-009884-4
  • Aleksandr Griboedov: Woe to the mind: Comedy in 4 acts in verse . Friedenauer Presse, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-932109-36-8
  • Aleksandr S. Griboedov; Aleksandr S. Pushkin; Mikhail Ju. Lermontov: Oeuvres . Edited by Gabriel Arout, Gallimard, Paris 2003, ISBN 2-07-010774-4
  • AS Griboedov: Chmelitskij sbornik . Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk, SGU, Smolensk 1998, ISBN 5-88984-058-4

See also

Web links

Wikiquote: Alexander Sergejewitsch Griboyedow  - Quotes
Commons : Aleksandr Griboyedov  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

swell

  1. ^ Lutz D. Schmadel : Dictionary of Minor Planet Names . Fifth Revised and Enlarged Edition. Ed .: Lutz D. Schmadel. 5th edition. Springer Verlag , Berlin , Heidelberg 2003, ISBN 978-3-540-29925-7 , pp.  186 (English, 992 pp., Link.springer.com [ONLINE; accessed on September 18, 2019] Original title: Dictionary of Minor Planet Names . First edition: Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg 1992): “1971 TJ 2 . Discovered 1971 Oct. 13 by LI Chernykh at Nauchnyj. "
  2. ↑ Laurence Kelly: Diplomacy and Murderer in Tehran. London, 2006, pp. 187-194.
personal data
SURNAME Gribojedow, Alexander Sergejewitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Грибоедов, Александр Сергеевич (Russian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian diplomat and poet
DATE OF BIRTH January 15, 1795
PLACE OF BIRTH Moscow , Russian Empire
DATE OF DEATH February 11, 1829
Place of death Tehran , Persia