Alpine school home on the Vigiljoch

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Alpine Schulheim am Vigiljoch (Italian: Scuola alpina di Monte San Vigilio ) was an exile school for Jewish children from Germany on the Vigiljoch above Lana in South Tyrol . It was founded in November 1933 by the former student councilors Marie Günther-Hendel (* May 12, 1893; † August 11, 1986), wife of Gotthard Günther , from Berlin and Hellmut Schneider (1900–1985). It had to be closed in December 1938 due to the Italian race laws .

Mountain station of the Funivia, surroundings of the alpine school home (Italy)
Funivia mountain station, in the vicinity of the Alpine school home
Localization of Italy in Italy
Location of the alpine school home above Lana (South Tyrol)
Overview map of South Tyrol

The founders of the school

There is hardly any information in the literature about the two founders of the school. Hellmut Schneider (often also Helmut Schneider) is briefly mentioned by Michael Trede. Wolfgang Wasow reports about him that he was a math teacher and a good piano player, also a cousin of Hanna Bergas (born March 11, 1900; † January 1987). Klaus Voigt claims that Schneider comes from Quedlinburg. Hermann Schnorbach gives further vague references to the two school founders in an updated article by Hildegard Feidel-Mertz :

"While Marie Günther-Hendel has only been able to find out that she was a student teacher from Berlin and was married to the non-Jewish Prof. Gotthard Günther, with whom she is said to have lived again in Hamburg after 1945 (interview with Eva Seligmann, 1993, Bremen School History Collection), research on Hellmut Schneider revealed a little more. As a half-Jewish teacher he was apparently sponsored for a time by his Quedlinburg headmaster, who later stayed in touch with him after Schneider had emigrated to the USA. "

Overall, however, it is more likely that more can be learned about Marie Günther-Hendel (named by Hanna Bergas Mieke ) than about Helmut Schneider. But before delving into the details available about their lives, let’s begin with a brief passage that highlights the similarities between them:

“I felt very much at home with Helmut and Mieke in their mountain paradise. The school had been founded at the same time as Bunce Court for the same reason and purpose, and was conducted in a kindred spirit. In fact, I had recommended the two people to each other, knowing that their fields of knowledge, gifts and talents would complement each other well. Their outlook in the world was related. Their choice of the Alpine surroundings reflected similarity in their feeling for nature but with stimulating different emphases. The fact that the country of enigration did not have a democratic government did not weigh so heavily in their selection as it would have in that of Anna Essinger. We all know how weighty indeed this difference of decision became in the course of political developments: under the pressure of Hitler in 1938, Mussolini's dictatorship adopted the racial laws, and the Schulheim Vigiljoch had to close down. "

“I felt very comfortable with Helmut and Mieke in their mountain paradise. The school had been founded at the same time as the Bunce Court School for the same purpose and purpose, and was run in a kindred spirit. In fact, I recommended the two people to each other because I knew that their fields of knowledge, talents, and talents would complement each other. Their views of the world were related. Their choice of the alpine environment reflected similarity in their feeling for nature, but with stimulating different emphases. The fact that the country of immigration did not have a democratic government did not weigh as heavily in her election as it did in Anna Essinger's . We all know how significant this difference in decision-making had become in the course of political developments: Under pressure from Hitler, Mussolini's dictatorship adopted the race laws in 1938 and the Vigiljoch school home had to close. "

Marie Günther-Hendel

You can usually find more about Marie Günther-Hendel in connection with her famous husband.

Before going into more detail, first take a look at the most important life data of her, which can be reconstructed from a personal sheet in the archive database of the library for educational history research in Berlin.

Origin and education

Marie Günther (* May 12, 1893 in Eberswalde - † August 11, 1986) was the daughter of the Jewish businessman Wolf Hendel. She passed her school leaving examination on February 20, 1911.

Between 1911 and 1917 she studied in Berlin, Freiburg, and Göttingen. The final scientific examination (the first state examination) in history, geography, English and another subject took place on October 3, 1919 in Göttingen. She had already received her doctorate here on February 5, 1919. Her philosophical dissertation from 1920 - probably the year it went to print - is listed in the catalog of the German National Library : Contributions to the appreciation of the Prussian Finance Minister CA v. Struensee . Another reference to a work by her also dates from 1920: The Platonic Anamesis and Goethe's Anticipation . This is probably a publication in the journal Kant Studies , which was published by the Kant Society .

From 1920 onwards, Marie Hendel completed her preparatory service for teaching at the "Staatliche Augustaschule" (Berlin) and from 1921 at the Victoria-Luisen-Schule . She passed the pedagogical examination, the 2nd state examination, on March 29, 1922 in Wilmersdorf with the grade “good”.

In the following years she worked as a study assessor at several schools, including those at which she had already completed her legal clerkship, before she got her first permanent position in the higher education service on October 1, 1927, which was also connected to the appointment to the teaching council

The last entry on the personnel sheet is October 1, 1929, the date of their marriage.

Marie and Gotthard Günther

With her marriage, Marie Günther is almost only mentioned in connection with publications by and about Gotthard Günther:

  • “His wife Marie Günther (née Hendel), whom he married in 1929, fell victim to the racial laws in 1933; H. as a Jew, she was banned from working. She emigrates to Italy and from there prepares the two to emigrate to South Africa. Both left Europe in 1938 and Günther got a job at Stellenbosch University (South Africa). In 1940 the Günthers leave South Africa and find refuge in the USA. ”In the accompanying note, the authors broaden the perspective on Marie Günther-Hendel, but at the same time contradict their previously quoted statement about further emigration:“ Marie Günther had studied German and philosophy and you Degree completed with a dissertation. In addition to ancient Greek and Latin, she also mastered a number of so-called living languages, ie in addition to English and French, among others, also Italian. That was the prerequisite for Marie Günther to be able to gain a professional foothold in Italy. Gotthard Günther himself spoke several ancient languages ​​such as ancient Greek and Latin, but no living language, i.e. neither English, French or even Italian. Therefore Marie Günther first had to translate his (philosophy) lecture, which Günther gave in Stellenbosch (South Africa), was written in German into English. Since he should have given his courses in South Africa in Afrikaans, and he saw little opportunity for his philosophical work there, he traveled to the USA in 1940. His wife, Marie Günther, was only able to follow him a few years later, as there was no longer any ship passage from South Africa to the USA after 1940 due to World War II. Günther himself had probably caught one of the last opportunities to travel to the USA in 1940. "
  • Joachim Castella draws attention to an important component when he refers to the Günthers' closeness to the youth movement , but then states: “Marie Günther is much closer to the youth movement , who obeys the 'call to action' and her private school in exile in Italy Spirit builds up. "
  • Wolfgang Wasow writes that Gotthard Günther also taught sports (“apparatus gymnastics”) at the school and that Marie Günther-Hendel's mother, “Mother Hendel”, who was over eighty years old, lived there. That was in 1937, after Gotthard Günther also left Germany. He had also visited his wife regularly beforehand, to which Helmut Schelsky pointed out: “After she had to leave Germany, Ms. Günther worked in a small town in Italy (South Tyrol) as a primary school teacher for Jewish children who also had to emigrate. The place is called VIGILJOCH. Gotthard Günther visited her there regularly on his motorcycle. "
  • Why in 1937 South Africa of all places came into question as the next stage destination for their emigration for the Günthers can be read in turn from Hanna Bergas: "Mieke and her mother, who was in the mid-eighties, joined Mieke's sister and her family in South Africa." After Goldammer & Paul (see above), it was Marie Günther-Hendel who pushed this emigration forward.
  • Although it is repeatedly pointed out that both Günthers traveled on from South Africa to the USA in 1940, there is a lot to support the aforementioned assessment by Goldammer & Paul that Marie Günther-Hendel was only able to follow her husband years later. However, there is unanimous agreement that both became American citizens in 1948. Hermann Schnorbach's statement cited above that both had lived together in Hamburg after 1945 can be regarded as refuted.
    However, there were evidently considerations to return to Germany, at least in the period before naturalization. In the Secret State Archives of Prussian Cultural Heritage there is a letter from Marie Günther-Hendel to Adolf Grimme from 1946, in which she asks for her husband Gotthard Günther to be appointed to a German university. American references from 1944 are attached to the letter. According to the archive, the letter came from Cape Town (South Africa), which once again proves that the Günthers could not enter the USA together in 1940.
  • In 1978, in a foreword to a publication, Schelsky made it clear that Marie Günther-Hendel, who had been demoted to an “elementary school teacher for Jewish children” and a doctorate in philosophy, was a companion who was intellectually equal to her husband: “And last, by no means least, despite her protests against a citation, the author's wife, Dr. Marie Günther-Hendel should be mentioned. Due to her own professional training, she was able to promote the author's work through appropriate criticism and to persuade him more than once to delete sections of text that he was in love with, but which did not stand up to strict assessment. " Joachim Castella builds on this quote: “Anyone who loves anecdotes should not be denied that Marie Günther and Karola Bloch, by doing laundry work together, initially maintain the economic basis on which the husbands can build their fundamentally different philosophems. In addition to the economic, modified form of Günther's textual development work, Kittler's insight applies that 'word processing today [...] is the business of couples who write to each other instead of sleeping together.' (Kittler: Grammophon - Film - Typewriter . P. 310) Modified if Marie Günther is more than the language-recognizing writing program 'Rosenfinger', with which Gottfried Benn works, for example (cf. Theweleit: Book of Kings. P. 73- 96. The Rosenfingers belong to Herta Benn, née von Wedemeier, and put 200 syllables per minute on paper), and that under changing names the duality of male-same-sex text production (paradigmatic: Eckermann / Goethe) in the heterosexual triad man-woman -Typewriter transferred. (Kittler: Grammophon - Film - Typewriter. Pp. 312-320, ders .: Aufschreibesysteme . Pp. 203-210, 355-377) Dr. phil. Marie Günther works better as a correction program and corrective that warns of speculative heights and gets the text producer 'more than once' to 'delete sections of text that he was in love with, but which did not stand up to strict assessment.' the statement by Rudolf Kaehr fits : " Günther was never a name in the singular, they had always been called The Günthers : Gotthard and Marie."
  • It is known that Marie Günther-Hendel actively took care of his estate and its publication even after her husband's death. It is not known whether she stayed in Germany more often for this reason, nor is her place of death. She was buried (like her husband before) in the Ohlsdorf Jewish cemetery in Hamburg, which is adjacent to the Ohlsdorf cemetery .

Hellmut Schneider

There is also a detailed personal form about him in the archive database of the Library for Research on Educational History .

He was born on August 19, 1900 in Berlin as the son of the general practitioner Dr. med. Ernst Schneider. Religious affiliation is difficult to decipher on the personal data sheet and therefore cannot be clearly determined.

Hellmut Schneider passed his matriculation examination at the König-Wilhelms-Gymnasium in Magdeburg on October 27, 1917 and studied between 1917 and 1924, interrupted by a study visit to Munich 1921/1922, in Göttingen. Here he put on the 24./25. June 1925 passed the teaching exams for mathematics, biology and physics. An extension test, also in Göttingen, followed on November 5, 1925, which he passed with the overall rating “sufficient”.

On October 1, 1925, Schneider began his preparatory service (legal clerkship) in Magdeburg, which he finished on September 20, 1927 with the grade “sufficient”. Since April 18, 1928, however, he no longer worked in Magdeburg, but in Quedlinburg. From October 1, 1929, he was given a permanent position in the higher education service in Prussia.

The last entry in the personnel form for December 1, 1933 is: “Retirement (BBG)”. This abbreviation stands for the law for the restoration of the professional civil service and meant a professional ban for Jewish and politically unpopular civil servants.

As mentioned above, Hanna Bergas claims to have introduced Hellmut Schneider and Marie Günther to each other. Under what circumstances this happened has not been established.

Location and building of the school

The school, which last consisted of three houses, was 1480 meters above Lana (Pawigl fraction) near the mountain station of the Vigiljochbahn ( Lage ) and was not connected to the outside world by any road. You “had to go down with the 'funivia' - there was no road, just a winding path that took a couple of hours of walking to get up and down”.

The former Frank house
Entrance to the Singer house

Hanna Bergas gives a good overview of the houses rented by the school:

“To begin with, a few words about the unique location of Schulheim Vigiljoch. lt was situated on one of the mountain terraces 1400 meters above the valley of the river Etsch (since 1918 officially called the Alto Adige) with a sweeping view into the valley and across to the opposite mountain ranges. Inhabitants of the cities of Bozen (Bolzano) and Meran (o) had their summer houses there. The first house occupied by the school was such a summer villa, a rather large one, standing on a corner-like protrusion with a spectacular view in three directions. The typical alpine wooden balcony ran around the second floor, and a shorter, loggia-like open area was in front of the main room of the top floor. Later, as the school grew, two other summer houses, smaller than the first, were rented in addition. One became the quarters for the bigger boys, the other for the older girls. The living-dining room in the Frank house (the doctor from whom the first house was rented was named Frank; he also became the school's physician) also served as a classroom. So, gradually, did the grown-ups rooms in the Zuegg and Singer houses. This could be done because the classes were small. "

“First of all, a few words about the unique location of the Vigiljoch school home. It was located on one of the mountain terraces, 1400 meters above the Etsch valley (officially called Alto Adige since 1918) with a sweeping view of the valley and across to the mountain ranges opposite. The inhabitants of the cities of Bozen (Bolzano) and Meran (o) had their summer houses there. The first house the school occupied was such a summer villa, a fairly large one that stood on an angular ledge with spectacular views in three directions. The typical Alpine wooden balcony ran around the second floor, and a shorter, loggia-like open space was in front of the main room on the top floor. Later, as the school grew, two more summer houses, smaller than the first, were rented. One became the quarters for the older boys, the other that for the older girls. The living-dining room in Frank's house (the doctor from whom the first house was rented was called Frank; he also became the school's doctor) also served as the classroom. So it gradually happened with the adult rooms in the Zuegg and Singer houses. This was possible because the classes were small. "

Two of these houses, Haus Frank, Pawigl 39 ( Lage ), and Haus Singer, Pawigl 40 ( Lage ), still exist, while Haus Zuegg, Pawigl 58 ( Lage ), was described as "demolished" as early as 1939. The Bozner Nachrichten of September 4, 1912 on the occasion of the opening of the Vigiljoch cable car said about these houses : “All around, charming summer houses grow out of the ground, half hidden between slender larches - the new villa colony 'St. Vigil on the yoke. "

The two remaining houses were placed under ensemble protection in 2007.

Everyday school life

The pupils, whose number was never more than 35, were taught by seven to eight teachers, including from 1937 Wolfgang Wasow , who had previously worked at the rural school in Florence , as well as the music teacher Eva Berg, Magda Elias, Luise Frankenstein and 1935/36 Eva Seligmann . From the end of 1937, Hanna Bergas also taught at the Vigiljoch, who had already spent a vacation here in 1936 together with a student from the Bunce Court School . After the school closed, she went back to England and from December 1938 belonged to the group of the Bunce Court workforce that took care of the Kindertransporte . She remained a teacher at the Bunce Court School until it closed in 1948. Then she went to the USA. In the early spring of 1938, Gabriele Wasow, Wolfgang Wasow's wife, came to the Vigiljoch and taught a group of younger students.

Advertisement from 1936

In an advertisement in the CV newspaper on August 20, 1936, the school presented itself as follows:
“Alpine school home Vigiljoch near Merano, Italy 1480 m above sea level. M.
Thorough lessons in all school subjects from sixth to top prima in small groups. Preparation for engl. and Italian schools. English and Italian teachers in the house. Handicraft lessons u. housekeeping Education. Winter sports. Loving care, also for children in need of relaxation. References from parents. "

The school's prospectus lists the costs for which the parents had to pay: “The monthly price is 900 L. (currently about 120 RM.), For two siblings 1650 L. and is to be paid monthly in advance. It includes pension and lessons (piano and violin lessons are charged separately) as well as cleaning and maintenance of the laundry. The school fee does not include expenses for personal purchases, teaching aids, excursions and medical treatment. Lire will be charged monthly for regular medical monitoring. "

The age of the pupils ranged from elementary school to upper secondary school. Modern languages ​​were a focus of the class and there was an Italian teacher who taught Italian. The latter was mainly due to the political situation, as Hanna Bergas reports:

“In the beginning, all teaching, except modern languages, was done in German. After a while, when it became ever more evident that none of these children would return to live in Germany, it became advisable that they should learn the language of the host country more systematically than just in occasional shopping situations. A young Italian teacher was engaged; he lived in the boys' house and took some educational responsibilities over there. He also had free time to pursue his own studies. A young woman took over the instruction and housemotherlng of the younger boys and glrls. A carpenter came up from the valley one whole day a week to do woodwork with different groups of students. A violin teacher from Meran came for a few hours a week, and Helmut taught those who played the piano. "

“At the beginning, every lesson, except for those in modern languages, was held in German. After a while, as it became increasingly clear that none of these children would live in Germany again, it became advisable that they should learn the language of the host country more systematically than just in casual shopping situations. A young Italian teacher was hired; he lived in the boys' house and performed educational tasks there. He also had free time to pursue his own studies. A young woman took over the direction and role of housemother for the younger children. A carpenter came down from the valley for a full day a week to do woodwork with various groups of students. A violin teacher from Merano came for a few hours a week, and Helmut [Schneider] taught those who could play the piano. "

In addition to this maintenance of musical and handicraft activities, which is typical for country school homes , there were also various possibilities to use offers that arose from the near and far surroundings: hiking, mountaineering, skiing and excursions to Verona or Venice . Another tradition that is often maintained at rural school homes, the weekly jour fixe , was also part of the repertoire of the Alpine school home:

“Friday evenings were observed as festive gatherings with varying programs; preferably it was music or reading aloud. A small group came together for simple religious rites; the same was true for the Jewish holidıys. Extra stimulation was brought in when a visitor (there were plenty of then) spoke about an interesting topic, or brought his or her string instrument so that we could have a string and piano chamber music evening. Of the play performances I remember specially vividly scenes from GB Shaw's Saint Joan, guest Annemarie as a passionate Stogumber in it; Goldoni's Locandiera; and two acts from Mozart's Figaro in two successive years, in which a sixteen year old girl who, until then was full of "Schlager", sang a most lovely Susanna, and confessed that her preparation for this performance meant a musical revelation to her. ”

“Friday evenings were held as festive gatherings with various programs; preferably with music or reading aloud. A small group came together for simple religious rites; the same was true on the Jewish holidays. There was additional stimulation when a visitor (there was a lot of it) talked about an interesting topic or brought a string instrument so that we could have a chamber music evening with a string instrument and piano. From the theatrical performances I remember particularly vivid scenes from GB Shaw's Saint Johanna , in which Annemarie as a passionate stogumber as a guest; Goldonis Locandiera ; and two acts from Mozart's Figaro in two consecutive years, in which a sixteen-year-old girl, who had been full of "hits" until then, sang a very beautiful Susanna and confessed that her preparation for this performance had been a musical revelation for her. "

The school offered different training courses: one that was based on the curriculum of the higher German schools (with more foreign languages), one that prepared for graduation from an Italian secondary school, and your third, which enabled you to take an English final exam.

Wolfgang Wasow, who came to the Vigiljoch Alpine School Home in Florence in 1937 , drew a very positive comparison: “When I arrived, I was impressed by how much better it was in this school than in Florence. The two directors, Hellmut Schneider and Maria Günther, who were supported by Hana Bergas, showed me the difference a good team of teachers can make. While the feelings of the students of the rural school home in Florence about this school were very mixed, the boys and girls on the Vigiljoch - who had the same background - loved the place, practically without exception. True, it was a smaller group than in Florence, but it could have worked on both sides. "

The end of school

While in the course of Hitler's visit to Rome in May 1938 many teachers from the rural school center in Florence were arrested, the workforce at the Vigiljoch was spared this fate. Only Hellmut Schneider had to report to the police station in Lana every day. During this phase of the worsening political situation in Italy, Michael Trede and his mother visited the Alpine school home on the Vigiljoch during a trip to Italy from July 10th to August 13th, 1938 , where his mother apparently wanted him to spend his further school years away from Germany. But that never happened, as Trede writes: "The two headmasters themselves had already started preparations for another escape, this time to England. There was a country school home in Kent for refugee children in which they wanted to continue their work. .] And while my mother was advised against Italy, the amiable Hanna Bergas promised to support my acceptance in this English school. " Hanna Bergas kept her word: On December 27, 1938, the Tredes received a letter from the New Herrlingen School (Bunce Court School) confirming Michael Trede's admission to the school.

Hanna Bergas describes the activities that the school started after Hitler's visit and the passage of the Italian Race Law on September 1, 1938, in order to keep the children safe from the foreseeable danger. The problem was that many of the children's parents were fully occupied with preparing their own emigration or establishing themselves in a host country while they believed their children were still safe in the Alpine Country Home. But by the end of 1938 a solution had been found for all children, partly with their own parents, partly with relatives or even in schools in other countries. The Bunce Court School, to which Bergas also returned with the support of Anna Essinger, took in five children. Essinger had informed her that she had “from earlier years a permit to work in Great Britain. Now, with the flood of immigrants, such permits would only be given to domestic helpers. Later, if Helmut wanted to come too, there would be a place for him too; but he would only have to work for his livelihood, since he did not have a permit for employed persons. These were valuable offers that we accepted with deep gratitude. ”Hanna Bergas traveled to England in late autumn 1938 with five children from the school home, and Hellmut Schneider followed in May 1939 after his entry permit had been cleared. Since France no longer issued transit visas, he had to travel by ship to England via Gibraltar . Apparently, this move did not go quite so smoothly for Schneider. Leslie Baruch Brent reports that he suffered a nervous breakdown and had to slowly recover from gardening in Bunce Court, also handicapped by the lack of an official work permit.

After the war and the end of Bunce Court School, he and Hanna Bergas lived in Mountain View, California .

A separate exhibition room with historical photographs was dedicated to the alpine school home in the Bolzano School Museum .

literature

  • Klaus Voigt: Refuge on Revocation. Exile in Italy 1933–1945. First volume, Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-608-91487-0 .
  • Hildegard Feidel-Mertz : Education in exile after 1933. Education for survival. dipa-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1990, ISBN 3-7638-0520-6 .
  • Hildegard Feidel-Mertz (updated version: Hermann Schnorbach): The pedagogy of the rural education homes in exile , in: Inge Hansen-Schaberg (ed.): Landerziehungsheim-Pädagogik . New edition, Reform pedagogical school concepts, Volume 2, Schneider Verlag Hohengehren GmbH, Baltmannsweiler 2012, ISBN 978-3-8340-0962-3 , pp. 183–206.
  • Wolfgang R. Wasow: Memories of seventy years: 1909 to 1979 . Wolfgang Wasow, Madison, Wis. 1986, OCLC 670439513 (This book is a very detailed autobiography).
  • Michael Trede : The returnee. ecomed verlagsgesellschaft, Landsberg 2003, ISBN 3-609-16172-8 .
  • Hanna Bergas: Fifteen Years - Lived among, with and for Refugee Children. Palo Alto, California 1979 ( digital.cjh.org PDF).

Web links

Commons : Alpines Schulheim am Vigiljoch  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Michael Trede : The returnee. P. 50.
  2. ^ Wolfgang R. Wasow: Memories of seventy years. P. 189 ff.
  3. ^ Klaus Voigt: Refuge on revocation. Pp. 211-213.
  4. ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz (updated version: Hermann Schnorbach): The pedagogy of the rural education homes in exile. P. 191
  5. ↑ Hanna Bergas: Fifteen Years. P. 28.
  6. ↑ All of the following life and education data come from this online source.
  7. ^ Dissertation Marie Hendel in the catalog of the DNB. The title is also mentioned in the personnel sheet.
  8. ^ Marie Hendel: The platonic anamesis and Goethe's anticipation. In: Hans Vaihinger (Hrsg.), Max Frischisen-Köhler (Hrsg.), Arthur Liebert (Hrsg.): Kant studies. Philosophical journal. (= Kant studies. Volume XXV). Verlag von Reuther & Reichard, Berlin, 1920, pp. 186-195 ( online ).
  9. ^ A b Eberhard von Goldammer & Joachim Paul: Gotthard Günther and the Third Reich , p. 2
  10. ↑ Joachim Castella: Gotthard Günther - Life and Work , p. 165
  11. ^ Wolfgang R. Wasow: Memories of seventy years. P. 189 ff.
  12. ↑ Helmut Schelsky: The ontology of polyvalence, natural numbers in a trans-classical system , p. 2, note 2
  13. ↑ Hanna Bergas: Fifteen Years. P. 37. The original quote is: "Mieke and her mother, who was in her mid-eighties, joined Mieke's sister and her family in South Africa."
  14. ^ Letter from Marie Günther-Hendel, Cape Town (South Africa), to Adolf Grimme ( deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de ).
  15. ^ Gotthard Günher: Foreword to: Contributions to the foundation of an operational dialectic. Volume 2, p. 10 ( vordenker.de PDF).
  16. ^ Joachim Castella: Gotthard Günther - Life and Work. P. 208 ( vordenker.de PDF).
  17. ^ Rudolf Kaehr: Computation and Metaphysics , in: Gotthard Günther: Cypberphilosophy. P. 3 ( thinkartlab.com PDF).
  18. ^ Foreword to the third edition of the Idea and Outline of a Non-Aristotelian Logic. S. XXIX ( books.google.de ).
  19. ↑ Written information from the Förderkreis Ohlsdorfer Friedhof eV from June 29, 2017. The grave location is L3, 31-32. The grave or the tombstone ( grave of Gotthard and Marie Günther ). Attention: To display the photo, you must enter "Guenther" as the surname in the search mask.
  20. ^ History of the Vigiljochbahn
  21. ↑ Hanna Bergas: Fifteen Years. P. 35
  22. ↑ Hanna Bergas: Fifteen Years. P. 31.
  23. ↑ House, farm, address and owner directories by Lana and Völlan (1844-1965) , p. 13. The term "demoliert" is misleading because it is based on a back translation from Italian in the cited document. Correctly it should read "aborted" or "demolished".
  24. ↑ Bozener Nachrichten of September 4, 1912
  25. ^ Community Lana: Ensemble protection, catalog of the ensemble, explanatory report , 2007, p. 133 ff.
  26. ^ Klaus Voigt: Refuge on revocation. Pp. 211-213. For Hanna Bergas see her memoir Fifteen Years (under literature). Michael Trede (p. 50) describes her in his memoirs as one of the headmistresses and - in 1938 - in preparation for moving to England.
  27. ^ CV newspaper from August 20, 1936 digitized
  28. ↑ a b estate of Hildegard-Feidel-Mertz in the German Exile Archive of the German National Library
  29. ↑ Hanna Bergas: Fifteen Years. P. 32.
  30. ^ Klaus Voigt: Refuge on revocation. Pp. 211-213.
  31. ↑ Hanna Bergas: Fifteen Years. Pp. 32-33.
  32. ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz: Education in exile after 1933. P. 160.
  33. ^ Wolfgang R. Wasow: Memories of seventy years. P. 190. Original text: “Right upon my arrival there I was impressed with how much better everthing was at this school than in Florence. The two directors, Hellmut Schneider and Frau Maria Günther, ably assisted by Hana Bergas, showed me what difference a good team of teaches can make. Whereas the feelings of the pupils of the Landschulheim Florence about that school were very mixed the boys and girls on te Vigiljoch - who came from the same background - loved the place, practically whithout exception. True, it was a smaller group than in Florence, but that could have worked both ways. "
  34. ↑ Michael Trede: The returnee. P. 51. The two headmasters Trede mentions here were Hanna Bergas and Helmut Schneider at the time; Marie Günther-Hendel had already left for South Africa.
  35. ↑ Michael Trede: The returnee. P. 56. This proves once again the positive opinion that Wolfgang Wasow had already expressed about the teaching team at the Alpine school home on the Vigiljoch .
  36. ↑ Hanna Bergas: Fifteen Years. P. 36
  37. ↑ Hanna Bergas: Fifteen Years. P. 37. Original text: “I still had, she stressed, a permit for 'gainful employment' in Britain from former years. Now, since the flood of immigrants, such permits were only given to "domestic" workers. Later on, when Helmut wanted to come over too, there would also be a place for him; but he would have to work merely for his keep, as he had no permit for "gainful employment". These were lost valuable offers which we accepted with profound gratitude. "
  38. ↑ Hanna Bergas: Fifteen Years. P. 43
  39. ↑ Leslie Baruch Brent: A Sunday Child? - From a Jewish orphanage to a world-famous immunologist . Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-8305-1702-3 , p. 86
  40. ↑ Leslie Baruch Brent (formerly: Lothar Baruch): A Sunday child? From Jewish orphanage to world-famous immunologist , BWV, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2009 (2nd edition 2012), ISBN 978-3-8305-1702-3 , p. 87. Brent mentions that Hanna Bergas at the Peninsula School in Palo Alto taught. This leads to the conclusion that the residence of the two was in Mountain View (Santa Clara County, California) , since this Mountain View is just like Palo Alto in Santa Clara County . Hanna Bergas: A Sunday child ( books.google.ch ).

Coordinates: 46 ° 37 '34.9 "  N , 11 ° 7' 3.3"  E