Helmut Schelsky

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Helmut Wilhelm Friedrich Schelsky (born October 14, 1912 in Chemnitz , † February 24, 1984 in Münster ) was a German sociologist . Along with Theodor W. Adorno and René König , he was the best-known German representative of his subject in the first post-war decades. As the initiator of empirical studies in very different areas of sociology and as a promoter of young professionals, he had a particular influence on the development of the subject. Unlike Adorno and König, however, Schelsky was not a school educator.

In 1929 he became a member of the National Socialist Student Union , in 1932 the SA and the National Socialist German Student Union , and in 1937 he joined the NSDAP . Schelsky received his philosophical-academic training during National Socialism from representatives of the Leipzig School of Sociology . In the last months of the Second World War he was appointed to a chair in sociology at the Imperial University of Strasbourg , but could no longer work there. After the end of the war, he built up the tracing service of the German Red Cross . He continued his academic career from 1948 as a professor at the newly founded Hamburg Academy for Community Economy . In 1953 he moved to the University of Hamburg , in 1960 to the University of Münster , where he was also director of the social research center at the University of Münster in Dortmund . From the second half of the 1960s, he played a key role in founding Bielefeld University . There he taught from 1970 at the only nationwide faculty of sociology that he established . In 1973, he and his chair were (back) transferred to the Law Faculty of the University of Münster. After his retirement in 1978 he was still honorary professor for legal sociology at the University of Graz .

In the 1950s and 1960s Schelsky was close to the SPD and the DGB and, with his widespread writings, was the “catchphrase of the zeitgeist”. Well-known terms that can be traced back to him are the “skeptical generation” and “ leveled medium-sized society ”. His “Sociology of Sexuality” was a paperback best seller from 1955 onwards. Against the background of the 1968 movement , he developed into a conservative, contemporary diagnostic political writer and finally described himself as an "anti-sociologist". His best-known work from this late phase is “The work is done by others. Class struggle and priestly rule of intellectuals ”.

Life

Helmut Schelsky was the son of the customs secretary Franz Schelsky and his wife Ida (née Sasse). He spent his childhood in the village of Frose in Anhalt and attended a grammar school in Dessau . In the 1920s he joined the Boy Scouts and had his first “decisive experiences” outside of the family. In 1929 he joined the National Socialist Student Union . Belonging to the youth movement , which he experienced in its late political and political phase, was formative for him, according to his student Bernhard Schäfers .

Studies and academic advancement under National Socialism

After graduating from high school, Schelsky began studying art history at the University of Königsberg in the 1931 summer semester . He had chosen this college because it was the furthest away from his hometown. However, there was only one so-called "border semester" at the time. As early as the winter semester 1931/32 he changed university location and study destination. He enrolled at the University of Leipzig for the subject philosophy and showed the young lecturer Arnold Gehlen impressed. The Leipzig sociology professor Hans Freyer (who had already participated in the first Freideutschen Jugendtag on the Hoher Meissner in 1913 ) became a father's friend during the course of his studies. Volker Kempf mentions the advantages of such contacts: Those who, like Schelsky, had academic career goals could see in the youth movement a helpful stepping stone on the way to their goal. At the age of 19, Schelsky joined the SA in 1932 and became a member of the National Socialist German Student Union , in which he soon rose to become district and deputy student leader of the NSDAP in the Gau Magdeburg-Anhalt . In 1933 he became a trainer for the Central German Hitler Youth .

That year he published his first text, a small contribution to the monthly Ständisches Leben . Thereupon it was recorded in his SD file that he represented "Spann's thought processes". As early as 1931 , the Nazi chief ideologist Alfred Rosenberg had fallen out with Ottmar Spann , the leading theoretician of the corporate state ( Austrofascism ), about the ideological orientation of National Socialism. With his next publication, Schelsky demonstrated his ability to adapt to the prevailing ideology. In the publication Socialist Lifestyle , published in 1934, it says that true socialism is "people who fail to do their job for the people or even harm them, to eliminate or even to destroy them."

Schelsky's academic teacher and fatherly friend: Hans Freyer , here around 1925.

With a dissertation on the subject of community theory according to Fichte's 'Natural Law' from 1796 , Schelsky received his doctorate in 1935 at the University of Leipzig. phil. and also passed the state examination for higher teaching post. On May 1, 1937 he became a member of the NSDAP and lecturer in the Rosenberg office . His participation in the creation of curricula and teaching materials for the high school of the NSDAP was prevented by a "damning" report by Alfred Baeumler . His closeness to the "Spann-Movement", which had been completely sidelined in the meantime, and his striving for autonomy, which stemmed from the youth movement, did not make him reliable for this activity to the extent expected.

In 1936/37 Schelsky received a habilitation grant from the German Research Foundation , and in 1937 he became Arnold Gehlen's assistant at Leipzig University. In November 1938 he followed Gehlen to the University of Königsberg, where he received his habilitation from Gehlen and Gunther Ipsen in early 1939 . The title of his habilitation thesis was Thomas Hobbes - a political lesson . This work was suggested by Hans Freyer and Carl Schmitt , Schelsky did not publish it until 1981. With his habilitation he received a so-called double venia for philosophy and sociology. This was done at Schelsky's express request, although sociology was considered a "Jewish discipline".

Since the beginning of the Second World War, Schelsky commuted between military service (first as a private, then as a lieutenant, and finally as a first lieutenant) and academic apprenticeship. In 1941 he was Hans Freyer's assistant in Budapest (Freyer was also head of the German cultural institute there and visiting professor for German cultural history at the Eötvös Loránd University ). In addition, Schelsky had accepted several chair replacements. In 1943 he was appointed to the University of Strasbourg , but could not take up the professorship because he was assigned to the Eastern Front as an infantryman . In 1944 he married Hildegard Brettle, a daughter of the senior realm attorney at the Reichsgericht Emil Brettle . They had two sons, one of whom is Wilhelm Schelsky .

Scientific career in the Federal Republic of Germany

Shortly before the end of the war, Schelsky and his friend Kurt Wagner , whom he knew from his studies in Leipzig and from Rosenberg's office , arrived in May 1945 from the collapsed front in East Prussia across the Baltic Sea to Flensburg , where the last Reich government stayed for a few weeks resided. They were commissioned by the Navy High Command in Flensburg- Mürwik to look after the refugees from East Prussia. They started by registering those arriving. They set up an office in Grosse Strasse which they called the "German Red Cross, Refugee Relief Organization, Investigation Service, Central Search File". That was the nucleus of the DRK tracing service . He turned down offers to become a manager in the DRK. He wanted to resume his interrupted scientific career. With the publication of the book The Freedom of the Peoples and the Idea of ​​the Planned State in a social democratic publishing house, he had already published social science again in 1946. After working for the tracing service for a year and a half, the Schelsky couple moved to Jöhlingen , Baden , where they lived in Hildegard's grandparents' house. There he was classified in denazification category IV (“ fellow traveler ”) by the responsible court .

Together with Arnold Gehlen, who had found accommodation in Illereichen in Swabia , Schelsky studied the key works of American social science in the American Library in Karlsruhe from 1947 . This soon gave both of them a major information advantage over their specialist colleagues. Because of this enormous and politically unsuspicious knowledge advantage (which he claims to have been able to draw on for decades), Schelsky was appointed to a chair for sociology at the newly founded Academy for Community Economy in Hamburg in autumn 1948 .

Hamburg

The Academy for Community Economy was shaped by a union and tied Schelsky into social democratic networks, to which Helmut Schmidt and Karl Schiller belonged. At the academy he started several studies, the results of which became the basis for his later publications in the areas of family , youth and company sociology . In 1949/50, with the assistance of his assistant Gerhard Wurzbacher and around 120 students, he carried out detailed surveys of refugee families, which became the material for his first sociological monograph “Changes in the German Family in the Present” (1953).

In 1953 Schelsky moved to the University of Hamburg . The philosophy faculty (which initially preferred Helmuth Plessner when it was appointed ) was concerned with finding a connection with a sociology of the kind that was operated internationally. In addition, this sociology has to take on practical tasks and research for the development of German social life. According to Karl-Siegbert Rehberg , Schelsky fulfilled these requirements "with flying colors" and emphasized the orientation of sociology to empirical research instead of all philosophical or ideological frameworks. This agreed with the then widespread view of the task of the subject, as represented by René König . Schelsky wanted, as he later wrote, to reduce the task of sociology to showing "what happens anyway and cannot be changed at all."

In 1955 he published the first German-language sociology manual and textbook together with Arnold Gehlen. The compilation of the authors of the book shows for Paul Nolte the efforts of the editors to achieve a political mix of “burdened” authors and new forces. The result was a mixture of the new methods with the cultural-historical perspectives of older German sociology. On the foundations of sociology wrote Gehlen and Carl Jantke , René King family sociology, presented Gerhard Mackroth the population doctrine , Elisabeth Arrow sociology of the city, Herbert Koetter the rural sociology , Schelsky the industrial and Industrial Sociology . Otto Stammer introduced political sociology and Karl Heinz Pfeffer wrote about social systems in international comparison. In retrospect, M. Rainer Lepsius remarked critically that neither Karl Marx nor Max Weber or Georg Simmel were mentioned in the book.

Schelsky also wrote the bestseller Sociology of Sexuality (1955) and the equally high-circulation book The Skeptical Generation (1957), which made him one of the most famous sociologists in Germany.

Münster and Dortmund

In 1960 he moved to the University of Münster , where his Leipzig doctoral supervisor Hans Freyer and his Königsberg habilitation supervisor Gunther Ipsen were both emeriti . When he switched to another university, he was particularly drawn to the prospect of being able to take over the management of the Social Research Center at the University of Münster in Dortmund (SFSD), which was then the largest social science research institute in Europe , in addition to the actual professorship .

In the 1950s, the Social Research Center in Dortmund (SFSD) was considered a washing facility for heavily stressed social scientists from the Third Reich. Schelsky dismissed Gunther Ipsen, with whom he had completed his habilitation in Königsberg, who is considered the "prototype of the Nazi sociologist" and had been department head at the SFSD since 1951, but hired the also former "Reich sociologist" Karl Heinz Pfeffer as the SFDS department head . He expanded the social research center to include new departments and won Niklas Luhmann, who had not yet received his doctorate, as department head. He then received his doctorate and habilitation in Münster within a year, for Bernhard Schäfers "certainly unique in German university history".

In the years that followed, Schelsky expanded his inaugural lecture in Münster into a comprehensive historical sociology of the German university, which found its journalistic expression in the book Loneliness and Freedom (1963). The research on university education drew the attention of the Minister of Culture of North Rhine-Westphalia , Paul Mikat . He appointed Schelsky as head of the founding committee for a new university in East Westphalia , whereby he was endowed with great power and creative abundance: Schelsky was given the right to personally nominate the other members of the committee, and the committee had to orient itself to reform concepts, which he had chosen himself.

When it became clear that Bielefeld would become the new university location, there were protests from Paderborn directed against Schelsky. Representatives of the Paderborn CDU distributed copies of his youth publication Sozialistische Lebenshaltung from 1934. Shortly afterwards Schelsky resigned as chairman of the founding committee, but revised this step after numerous people in public and academic life (including Theodor W. Adorno and Ralf Dahrendorf ) for had declared Schelsky's whereabouts.

Bielefeld and again Münster

Even before Schelsky moved to the new Bielefeld University as a professor , in 1969 he published the book “Farewell to University Policy or The University in the Crosshairs of Failure”. He was soon isolated in the committees of the new university. Those university professors and assistants from the Dortmund Social Research Center, for whom he had found jobs in Bielefeld, "emancipated", according to Bernhard Schäfers , "through contradiction" against the background of the 1968 movement . According to Niklas Luhmann, all major decisions in the committees were ultimately made without Schelsky. Nevertheless, from 1970 to 1973 he was a professor at the only sociological faculty he installed at a German university. However, he shifted his activities to the Center for Interdisciplinary Research (ZiF) in Rheda Castle , which belongs to Bielefeld University. This “ambitious and elitist institution”, which he also founded, corresponded to his vision of a “theoretical university”.

It was during this time that the rift that lasted until his death fell with his former teacher and friend Arnold Gehlen, with whom he and the psychiatrist Hans Bürger-Prinz had formed a "male union" triumvirate since Hamburg days . Schelsky was so disappointed by Gehlen's older work Moral and Hypermoral that he sent him (and Jürgen Habermas , who had publicly criticized the writing, almost identical) a letter of his incomprehension about form and content. Gehlen viewed this as personal betrayal and ended the almost 40-year friendship.

Schelsky's last place of academic activity in Germany, the Juridicum, headquarters of the law faculty of the University of Münster.

When there were more and more conflicts in the ZiF, Schelsky had himself transferred with his entire chair to the Law Faculty of the University of Münster in 1973, supported by the then North Rhine-Westphalian Minister of Science Johannes Rau , a process that was unique up to then according to Karl-Siegbert Rehberg German history of science. Schelsky taught and researched legal sociology in Münster and also turned against the new zeitgeist in journalism. The best known of the Zeitgeist-critical writings is The work is done by others. Class struggle and priestly rule of intellectuals from 1975. In the next book (1976) he turned against a supposedly welfare and welfare state incapacitation of humans.

In 1973 he spoke as a guest speaker at a CSU party congress, u. a. on tactical questions of voter acquisition. He emphasized that an allegedly threatened planned economy socialization, as evoked in 1972 in the slogan “Freedom or Socialism” CDU / CSU in 1972, could not be at the center of their election campaigns. Even more so, one could not appear against the SPD as a “workers 'party” as an “employers' party”, but one could interpret the high value of independence for workers in the form of the ability to dispose of their own concerns without patronage. He advised the Union parties to oppose the demand for more democracy with the demand for more freedom, which was particularly taken up by Franz Josef Strauss , Hans Filbinger and Alfred Dregger . Erhard Eppler criticized Schelsky's demand in Spiegel as well as its echo in the Union: the will to democracy and the will to freedom belong together; To play them off against each other means to hit the roots of democracy. Two years later, called Ulrich Lohmar , at the Hamburg Academy of Social Economy still Schelsky closest associate and now a professor of political science and SPD member of the Bundestag, also in mirror its political statements as "class theory of a frustrated".

In 1978 Schelsky retired as soon as possible.

Retreat to the Austrian Burgenland

Schelsky's development into a “bitter diagnostician of social decline” left many companions at a loss who had once admired his “liberal openness to dissenting views”. The scientific and institutional isolation was followed by a private retreat. Schelsky moved to his holiday home in Stadtschlaining in Burgenland and from there he held an honorary professorship for legal sociology at the University of Graz.

In Burgenland, near the Austro-Hungarian border, he wrote other books that were critical of culture. Among other things, he criticized Ernst Bloch's principle of hope. With "Retrospectives of an» Anti-Sociologist «" he finally said goodbye to his specialist science.

In October 1983 Schelsky attended a lecture by his “late” student Volker Gerhardt and suffered a broken arm when leaving the building, which necessitated a hospital stay. As a result, his strength waned and he died on February 24, 1984.

Sociological Positions

In keeping with his origins in the Leipzig School of Sociology , Schelsky's basic scientific position was cultural-sociological - anthropological , with the theory of institutions being the focus. After the experience of the tracing service, however, abstract philosophical thinking no longer offered him a basis. He experienced what he later called a "reality twist". For him, sociology became a “search for reality”, the task of which was the research of social facts, whereby he renounced an overarching theory. In the first post-war decade he shared this empirical orientation with the other representatives of the “founding generation” of German post-war sociology.

Institutional theory

According to Arnold Gehlen , human behavior, unlike that of animals, is not subject to any instinctive control. It is the responsibility of social institutions to create sufficient security to act . They have a relieving effect and protect people from overstimulation. Here Schelsky agreed with his teacher. Both saw a theory of institutions as the best framework for empirical research and the analysis of “orderly social change ” through reforms. Schelsky saw the law as paradigmatic for this ; he regarded legal sociology as "applied institutional studies".

As early as 1949, he used the principle of constitutions to show how “stable institutional change” could be imagined, according to which the law has a flexible stability. With his essay on institutionalized long-term reflection from 1957, he got into a conflict of content with Gehlen, who only saw tendencies towards institutional loss of validity in long-term reflection. In contrast to Gehlen, who always saw institutions threatened with disintegration and suspected that their shock would immediately affect human drive life, which is always "chaotic", Schelsky developed a dynamic institutional doctrine according to which existing institutions can change and new ones can arise if they break the tension balance between their claim to validity and the subjective need for freedom or even in the form of a "permanent reflection" of the institutions such as B. institutionalize religion.

When Gehlen had published the book Moral and Hypermoral in 1969, which focused on the loss of validity, Schelsky's criticism of it led to a final break.

"Keyword giver of the zeitgeist"

In the first two post-war decades with his work he became a “key word for the zeitgeist”; his books provided “formulas for the self-image of West German post-war society”.

The study on “Changes in the Family in the Present” examined families who experienced a “forced structural change” due to flight, professional downgrading, the death of a parent, bombing, imprisonment or war invalidity of the man, which applied to almost half of the German population . The result showed the family as an essential factor of stability (the most important institution) in a time of catastrophic upheaval. One thesis of the study says that the pressure of the problem created a greater objectification, “disinheritation and decultivation”, and presumably also an “enterotization” of the family. Instead, increased demands on the solidarity context and the social self-assertion and assertiveness of the family members came to the fore. In addition, the increasing importance of women who became more independent during the war was registered.

Schelsky's best-known book “The Skeptical Generation”, which was based on many youth studies carried out by sociologists since 1947, had a similar tendency. Youth was not understood as a subculture , but as a mere transition between childhood and adulthood. The book title illustrates the political options of the disappointed members of the younger generation who were busy with reconstruction, who were still employed as young soldiers or as flak helpers in the war or who were former members of the Hitler Youth . It was not uncommon for them to experience the system collapse as a “worldview catastrophe”. This post-war youth is described in the book as more critical, more skeptical, more suspicious, less believing and less illusionary than all the youth generations before. It is without pathos, program and slogans. However, since Schelsky claimed that his research object was only the German edition of a generation that had grown up everywhere in industrial society, he also relativized the significance of the specifically German historical background. Melvin Lasky commented on the book that Schelsky was “temperamentally very much like his protagonists”; “He seems to be happy with them, and they are very happy with themselves”. The book is “a triumph of post-war adjustment”.

These investigations by Schelsky created the image of a society in which ideologies are only cultivated by organizations, ideas of class struggle, for example, only by communist organizations, the trade unions and parts of the SPD. He developed the thesis that West German society is clearly, but all industrial societies tend to be “decoated” and thus a politically integrated social structure (in the historical succession of class society). A “petty-bourgeois-medium-sized lifestyle” has developed, a “leveled medium-sized society”. In that class and stratum terms have become inappropriate. In particular, the mass production of consumer goods as well as comfort and entertainment goods would have established the overcoming of the class status of industrial society.

During the creative phase in which these works were created, Schelsky was not only a “key word”, but also a sought-after advisor. During the Adenauer era he advised the trade unions and the SPD and was nevertheless appointed to the scientific advisory board of the Ministry of Family Affairs.

Intellectual criticism and "anti-sociology"

As early as 1959, in the localization of German sociology , Schelsky hinted at his criticism of sociology and sketched an alternative. The sociology that emerged as a split and split product from economics and philosophy has become functional science based on the American model. Nonetheless, as “cultural analysis” and “criticism of time”, it continues to fulfill socio-philosophical interpretative tasks, but that has degenerated into dilettantism and provincialism. In the “post-ideological epoch” the “powerlessness of man” and “freedom of man from society” should also be taken into account. A “ transcendental theory of society” is necessary for this. However, Schelsky did not participate in the development of such a theory, which he called for.

Against a sociology that took on a leading role for the "zeitgeist" of the 1968 movement and had become the "key science" of the 20th century, comparable to the role of history in the 19th century, Schelsky formulated the pamphlet Die Arbeit do die Others. Class struggle and priestly rule of the intellectuals . In a review Ralf Dahrendorf described Schelsky as an “ideologist of the New Right ”.

Schelsky pointed the criticism of his specialist science to an "anti-sociology" whose task it was to question sociology as a "science of consciousness management" using sociological argumentation. He diagnosed “fateful” “re-ideologizing tendencies” in the subject using the example of “ peace research as a doctrine of salvation”, the sociology of conflict , educational planning and a “politicized theology”. He wanted to replace Ernst Bloch's “ Principle Hope ” with an anti-utopian “Principle of Experience”. In the book Functionaries. Are they endangering the common good? , which appeared in four editions in 1982, he wrote that it was worth considering not only to keep extreme racial and war incitement traceable, but also "incitement to class struggle , especially if it is associated with threats against social peace or even with violence"

Many critics interpreted this turning point in Schelsky's understanding of sociology in such a way that, after his vital and successful commitment to young science in the 1950s and 1960s, he was no longer able to tame the spirits he had called for a large part himself; The whole thing was too left for him and that is why he himself became an anti-sociologist. His student Janpeter Kob considers this interpretation to be shortened. Kob said that Schelsky's understanding of sociology was in tune with itself. Only two aspects that have always been there come to the fore: the transcendental pre-scientific prerequisites of sociology and their trans-scientific practical effects. With regard to the “political danger of intellectualism”, Christian Graf von Krockow pointed to an “amazing continuity” between Schelsky's publications critical of the zeitgeist and his post-doctoral thesis on Thomas Hobbes from 1940.

Role in German post-war sociology

Schelsky's importance for the sociology of the Federal Republic of Germany was ambivalent. As a stimulus for empirical studies and a promoter of young talent, he was influential but, unlike Adorno and König, not educating schools in the narrower sense, because his work was too heterogeneous and widely spread. Precisely because of this, however, he worked in a phase in which the social sciences were still poorly differentiated, in many sub-disciplines as well as in law and politics. "In terms of science policy," said Karl-Siegbert Rehberg, "on the other hand, he has" fallen on the loser's side. "

Relationship to Sociology in National Socialism

Schelsky was a member of the German Society for Sociology (DGS), which was re-established in 1946 . In 1949, at the instigation of UNESCO and with the assistance of René König, the International Sociological Association (ISA) was founded, to which the DGS joined as a member organization. Against the alleged Americanization of the DGS that followed, former “Reich sociologists” formulated a contradiction which, according to Gunther Ipsens , soon expanded into a “civil war in sociology”. In 1951, the critics of the so-called “UNESCO Sociology” founded a German section of the traditional International Institute for Sociology (IIS) , which was, however, newly established by the Italian ex-fascist Corrado Gini . Hans Freyer became the chairman of the German section. Other members of the German IIS section were Ipsen, Wilhelm Brepohl , Arnold Gehlen and Karl Valentin Müller . According to Stefan Kühl , the IIS was the “organizational retreat base” for German sociologists, “who were discredited by many of their colleagues because of their commitment to National Socialism.” An open conflict broke out when it became known in 1957 that the ISS was holding its 18th international sociological congress 1958 wanted to organize in Nuremberg and this project was carried out in a clear front position against the DGS. Schelsky had navigated carefully between the two organizations and had not joined the German ISS section. But he had attended their inaugural meeting. Because of his loyalty to the group of the “insurgents from the right”, he lost the support he needed to become chairman of the DGS, as originally intended. He then withdrew his contribution to the 14th Sociologists' Day in Berlin in 1959 and turned it into the controversial book “Locating the German Sociology”.

In the "Ortsbestetermination" (location determination), Schelsky contradicted the assessment that was widespread in the post-war decades that German sociology had "been brutally brought to a complete standstill around 1933". He claimed that German sociology had already come to an end before 1933: "The melodies were played through, the fronts were frozen." In the controversy that followed, René König vehemently advocated the thesis, referring to the work of Karl Mannheim and Theodor Geiger , that after stagnation in 1928, German sociology experienced a wave of renewal that was then broken in 1933.

Schelsky did not hide his past. At first he met the need for discussion among students at the end of the 1960s with great openness. And in his examination of “Bloch's Hope”, he self-critically referred to his earlier Nazi enthusiasm, also to make his warning about the susceptibility to other totalitarian movements and ideologies appear credible. He did not critically examine the role of empirical sociology under Nazi rule. He presented his political activities during the “Third Reich” as sins of youth .

Promotion of young sociologists

By 1970 Schelsky had achieved 17 habilitations and supervised over 100 doctorates. His post-doctoral candidates , who later became professors, included sociologists as diverse as Lars Clausen ( University of Kiel ), Friedrich Jonas ( University of Mainz ), Franz-Xaver Kaufmann ( University of Bielefeld ), Janpeter Kob ( University of Hamburg ), and later Hans , who was close to the DKP Jürgen Krysmanski ( University of Münster ), Hans Linde (who had already worked as an agricultural sociologist during National Socialism and taught at the Technical University of Karlsruhe from 1962 to 1981 ), Niklas Luhmann (University of Bielefeld), Rainer Mackensen ( Technical University of Berlin ) and Helge Peters ( later representative of critical criminology , University of Oldenburg ). In his obituary for Schelsky, Dahrendorf wrote: "He supported many who did not share his opinions and showed the generosity of his heart."

Whether one can speak of a "Schelsky school" in the narrower sense is controversial. According to contemporaries, he had the charisma of the head of a school, but there is a lack of a stronger reception and public representation of his main ideas by a student body. That is why some sociology historians do not speak of a school, but of a "Schelsky circle".

Honors

Fonts (selection)

Sorted chronologically by year of first publication:

  • Socialist way of life . Eichblatt / Max Zedler, Leipzig 1934.
  • Theory of community based on Fichte's “ Natural Law ” from 1796 . Junker u. Dünnhaupt, Berlin 1935 (also dissertation, University of Leipzig 1935).
  • Thomas Hobbes. A political lesson . Duncker and Humblot, Berlin 1981, ISBN 978-3-428-05012-3 (previously unpublished habilitation thesis, University of Königsberg, 1940).
  • The peoples' desire for freedom and the idea of ​​the planned state . Volk & Zeit, Karlsruhe 1946.
  • Changes in the German Family in the Present. Presentation and interpretation of an empirical-sociological fact sheet . 5th, unchanged edition, Enke, Stuttgart 1967 (first edition: Ardey Verlag, Dortmund 1953).
  • Sociology of Sexuality. About the relationships between gender, morality and society . New edition ( rowohlt repertoire ), Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 2017, ISBN 978-3-688-10479-6 (21st edition, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1983, ISBN 978-3-499-55002-7 ; first edition: Rowohlt, Hamburg 1955).
  • As editor with Arnold Gehlen : Sociology. A teaching and handbook for modern social studies . 8th edition, Diederichs, Düsseldorf / Cologne 1971 (first edition: Diederichs, Düsseldorf / Cologne 1955).
  • The skeptical generation. A sociology of the German youth . Ullstein, Frankfurt / Berlin / Vienna 1975, ISBN 978-3-548-03184-2 (first of several editions: Diederichs, Düsseldorf / Cologne 1957).
  • Location determination of German sociology . 3rd edition, Diederichs, Düsseldorf / Cologne 1967 (first edition: Diederichs, Düsseldorf / Cologne 1959).
  • Loneliness and freedom. Idea and shape of the German university and its reforms . 2nd edition expanded by a "supplement 1970", Bertelsmann-Universitätsverlag, Düsseldorf 1971, ISBN 978-3-571-09167-7 (first edition: Rowohlt ( rowohlts deutsche enzyklopädie , volume 171/172), Reinbek near Hamburg 1963) .
  • In search of reality. Collected essays . Diederichs, Düsseldorf / Cologne 1965.
  • Farewell to university politics or the university in the crosshairs of failure . Bertelsmann University Press, Bielefeld 1969.
  • The work is done by the others. Class struggle and priestly rule of the intellectuals . Unabridged edition, dtv, Munich 1977, ISBN 978-3-423-01276-8 (first edition: Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1975, ISBN 978-3-531-11300-5 ).
  • The independent and cared for person. Political writings and commentaries . Unabridged edition, Ullstein, Frankfurt am Main / Berlin / Vienna 1978, ISBN 978-3-548-03527-7 (first edition: Seewald, Stuttgart 1976). ISBN 978-3-512-00439-1 .
  • Bloch's hope. Critique of the Marxist existential philosophy of a youth movement . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1979, ISBN 978-3-12-911730-9 .
  • The sociologists and the law. Treatises and lectures on the sociology of law, institution and planning . Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1980, ISBN 978-3-531-11526-9 .
  • Reviews of an "anti-sociologist" . Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1981, ISBN 978-3-531-11534-4 .
  • Functionaries. Are they endangering the common good? , 4th edition, Seewald, Stuttgart-Degerloch 1982, ISBN 978-3-512-00652-4 (first edition by the same publisher and in the same year).
  • Politics and Publicity . Seewald, Stuttgart-Degerloch 1983, ISBN 978-3-512-00679-1 .

literature

  • Alexander Gallus (ed.): Helmut Schelsky - the political anti-sociologist. A new reception . Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen 2013, ISBN 978-3-8353-1297-5 .
  • Horst Baier (ed.): Freedom and practical necessity. Contributions in honor of Helmut Schelsky. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1972, ISBN 978-3-531-11397-5 .
  • Thomas Gutmann, Christoph Weischer, Fabian Wittreck (eds.): Helmut Schelsky. A German sociologist in a contemporary, institutional and disciplinary context - interdisciplinary workshop for the 100th birthday . Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-428-14902-5 .
  • Volker Kempf : Against the denial of reality. Helmut Schelsky. Life, work, topicality . Olzog, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-7892-8335-2 .
  • Wolfgang Lipp , Schelsky, Helmut . In: Wilhelm Bernsdorf , Horst Knospe (Ed.), Internationales Soziologenlexikon. Tape. 2, articles on sociologists who were alive or who died after 1969, 2nd, revised edition, Stuttgart: Enke, 1984, ISBN 3-432-90702-8 , pp. 747-751.
  • Rosemarie Pohlmann (Ed.): Person and Institution. Dedicated to Helmut Schelsky. Königshausen and Neumann, Würzburg 1980, ISBN 3-88479-014-5 .
  • Karl-Siegbert Rehberg , Hans Freyer, Arnold Gehlen, Helmut Schelsky . In: Dirk Kaesler (Ed.), Classics of Sociology . Volume II: From Talcott Parsons to Anthony Giddens . 5th, revised, updated and expanded edition 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-42089-4 , pp. 72-104.
  • Gerhard Schäfer : National Socialism and the sociological actors of the post-war period: using the example of Helmut Schelsky and Ralf Dahendorf . In: Michaela Christ, Maja Suderland (ed.): Sociology and National Socialism. Positions, debates, perspectives . Suhrkamp, ​​Berlin 2014, pp. 110-161, ISBN 978-3-518-29729-2
  • Bernhard Schäfers , Helmut Schelsky - a sociologist in the Federal Republic. A memory on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of his death . In: Sociology , Volume 38, Issue 1/2009, pp. 48–59.
  • Patrick Wöhrle: On the topicality of Helmut Schelsky. Introduction to his work . Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2015, ISBN 978-3-658-01121-5 .
  • Rainer Waßner (Ed.): Paths to the social. 90 years of sociology in Hamburg . Leske and Budrich, Opladen 1988, ISBN 3-8100-0595-9 .

Web links

Wikibooks: Sociological Classics / Schelsky, Helmut  - learning and teaching materials

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Biography Helmut Schelsky , entry in the Internet lexicon "50 Classics of Sociology", archive for the history of sociology in Austria, Institute for Sociology at the University of Graz
  2. ↑ Patrick Wöhrle: On the topicality of Helmut Schelsky. Introduction to his work . Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2015, ISBN 978-3-658-01121-5 , pp. 17-25.
  3. ↑ Volker Kempf : Against the denial of reality. Helmut Schelsky. Life, work, topicality . Olzog, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-7892-8335-2 , p. 13 ff.
  4. ^ Bernhard Schäfers , Helmut Schelsky - a sociologist in the Federal Republic. A memory on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of his death . In: Sociology , Volume 38, Issue 1/2009, pp. 48–59, here p. 49.
  5. ↑ Information on the biography up to the end of the Second World War is based, if not otherwise documented, on: Volker Kempf, Against the Reality Denial. Helmut Schelsky. Life, work, topicality . Olzog, Munich 2012, pp. 13–22 and 196 f. (Time table).
  6. ↑ Volker Kempf: Against the denial of reality. Helmut Schelsky. Life, work, topicality . Olzog, Munich 2012, p. 15.
  7. ↑ Helmut Schelsky: German idealism and us . In: Estates life. Sheets for organic society and economics , No. 3/1933, pp. 540–546.
  8. ↑ Volker Kempf: Against the denial of reality. Helmut Schelsky. Life, work, topicality . Olzog, Munich 2012, p. 19.
  9. ^ Helmut Schelsky: Socialist way of life . Eichblatt / Max Zedler, Leipzig 1934 [= education and nation. Series of publications on national political education, Vol. 11/13], p. 27.
  10. ↑ Helmut Schelsky: Theory of the community based on Fichte's 'Natural Law' of 1796 . Junker u. Dünnhaupt, Berlin 1935.
  11. ↑ Volker Kempf: Against the denial of reality. Helmut Schelsky. Life, work, topicality . Olzog, Munich 2012, p. 20 f.
  12. ^ Karl-Siegbert Rehberg , Hans Freyer, Arnold Gehlen, Helmut Schelsky . In: Dirk Kaesler (Ed.), Classics of Sociology . Volume II: From Talcott Parsons to Anthony Giddens . 5th, revised, updated and expanded edition 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-42089-4 , pp. 72-104, here p. 85.
  13. ↑ Helmut Schelsky: Thomas Hobbes - a political lesson . Duncker and Humblot, Berlin 1981, ISBN 978-3-428-05012-3 ; also habilitation thesis, University of Königsberg 1940.
  14. ↑ Patrick Wöhrle: On the topicality of Helmut Schelsky. Introduction to his work . Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2015, ISBN 978-3-658-01121-5 , p. 18.
  15. ^ Bernhard Schäfers , Helmut Schelsky - a sociologist in the Federal Republic. A memory on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of his death . In: Sociology , Volume 38, Issue 1/2009, pp. 48–59, here p. 50.
  16. ↑ Patrick Wöhrle: On the topicality of Helmut Schelsky. Introduction to his work . Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2015, ISBN 978-3-658-01121-5 , p. 18 f.
  17. ↑ Helmut Schelsky: The peoples' desire for freedom and the idea of ​​the planned state . Volk & Zeit, Karlsruhe 1946.
  18. ↑ Volker Kempf: Against the denial of reality. Helmut Schelsky. Life, work, topicality . Olzog, Munich 2012, p. 66 f.
  19. ↑ Patrick Wöhrle: On the topicality of Helmut Schelsky. Introduction to his work . Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2015, p. 21.
  20. ^ Karl-Siegbert Rehberg, From sociological start-up pragmatism to "anti-sociology". Helmut Schelsky Position in the post-war history of the subject . In: Alexander Gallus (ed.), Helmut Schelsky - the political anti-sociologist. A new reception . Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen 2013, ISBN 978-3-8353-1297-5 , pp. 17–36, here p. 18.
  21. ↑ The presentation of Schelsky's academic stations from 1948 to 1978 follows, if not otherwise documented, Patrick Wöhrle: Zur actualität von Helmut Schelsky. Introduction to his work . Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2015, pp. 21-25.
  22. ↑ a b Helmut Schelsky: Changes in the German Family in the Present. Presentation and interpretation of an empirical-sociological fact sheet . Ardey Verlag, Dortmund 1953.
  23. ^ Karl-Siegbert Rehberg, From sociological start-up pragmatism to "anti-sociology". Helmut Schelsky Position in the post-war history of the subject . In: Alexander Gallus (ed.), Helmut Schelsky - the political anti-sociologist. A new reception . Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen 2013, pp. 17–36, here pp. 20 f.
  24. ^ A b c Helmut Schelsky: Location determination of German sociology . Diederichs, Düsseldorf / Cologne 1959, p. 125 f.
  25. ^ Arnold Gehlen and Helmut Schelsky (eds.): Sociology. A teaching and handbook for modern social studies . Diederichs, Düsseldorf / Cologne 1955 (with the assistance of Carl Jantke )
  26. ^ Paul Nolte : The order of the German society. Self-design and self-description in the 20th century . Beck, Munich 2000, ISBN 978-3-406-46191-0 , p. 270.
  27. ^ Adalbert Hepp, Martina Löw (eds.): M. Rainer Lepsius. Sociology as a Profession. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main / New York 2008, ISBN 3-593-38322-5 , p. 38.
  28. ↑ Helmut Schelsky: Sociology of Sexuality. About the relationships between gender, morality and society . Rowohlt ( Rowohlt's German encyclopedia , Volume 2), Hamburg 1955.
  29. ↑ a b Helmut Schelsky: The skeptical generation. A sociology of the German youth. Diederichs, Düsseldorf / Cologne 1957.
  30. ↑ Klaus Ahlheim: The Dietrich von Oppen case and the Dortmund “washing plant”. In: Carsten Klingemann et al. (Ed.), Yearbook for the History of Sociology 1997/98. VS, Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2001, ISBN 3-322-99645-X , pp. 311–324, here p. 317.
  31. ^ Carsten Klingemann : Sociology and Politics. Social science expert knowledge in the Third Reich and in the early West German post-war period . VS, Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2009, ISBN 978-3-531-15064-2 , p. 74.
  32. ^ Bernhard Schäfers, Helmut Schelsky - a sociologist in the Federal Republic. A memory on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of his death . In: Sociology , Volume 38, Issue 1/2009, pp. 48–59, here p. 54.
  33. ↑ Helmut Schelsky: Loneliness and Freedom. Idea and shape of the German university and its reforms . Rowohlt ( Rowohlt's German encyclopedia , Volume 171/172), Reinbek near Hamburg 1963.
  34. ↑ Helmut Schelsky: Farewell to University Policy or The University in the Crosshairs of Failure . Bertelsmann University Press, Bielefeld 1969.
  35. ^ Bernhard Schäfers, Helmut Schelsky - a sociologist in the Federal Republic. A memory on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of his death . In: Sociology , Volume 38, Issue 1/2009, pp. 48–59, here p. 54.
  36. ↑ Patrick Wöhrle: On the topicality of Helmut Schelsky. Introduction to his work . Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2015, p. 24.
  37. ↑ Klaus Dörner , comments on a letter from Schelsky . In: Rainer Waßner (Ed.): Ways to the social. 90 years of sociology in Hamburg . Leske and Budrich, Opladen 1988, ISBN 3-8100-0595-9 , pp. 141–145, here p. 141.
  38. ^ Karl-Siegbert Rehberg, Hans Freyer, Arnold Gehlen, Helmut Schelsky . In: Dirk Kaesler (Ed.), Classics of Sociology . Volume II: From Talcott Parsons to Anthony Giddens . 5th, revised, updated and expanded edition 2007, pp. 72-104, here p. 87.
  39. ^ A b Christian Graf von Krockow , A Defender of Anti-Idealism. Change and continuity of a long scholarly life . In: Die Zeit, 42/1982 ( online version , accessed March 27, 2019).
  40. ↑ Helmut Schelsky: The work is done by the others. Class struggle and priestly rule of the intellectuals . Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1975, ISBN 978-3-531-11300-5 .
  41. ↑ Helmut Schelsky: The independent and supervised person. Political writings and commentaries . Seewald, Stuttgart 1976. ISBN 978-3-512-00439-1 .
  42. ↑ Helmut Schelsky: The self-employed and the cared for people , in: Frankfurter Rundschau, October 3, 1973, p. 12 (1st part); ders .: Freedom threatened by the supervisors. The Munich speech of the sociologist Helmut Schelsky (continuation and conclusion), in: Frankfurter Rundschau, October 4, 1973, p. 12.
  43. ↑ Erhard Eppler , Radical in the strict sense . In: Der Spiegel , 42/1973 ( online version , accessed March 18, 2019).
  44. ↑ Ulrich Lohmar , Class Theory of a Frustrated . In: Der Spiegel , 13/195 ( online version , accessed March 18, 2019).
  45. ↑ Patrick Wöhrle: On the topicality of Helmut Schelsky. Introduction to his work . Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2015, p. 25.
  46. ↑ Helmut Schelsky: The hope of Bloch. Critique of the Marxist existential philosophy of a youth movement . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1979, ISBN 978-3-12-911730-9 .
  47. ↑ Helmut Schelsky: Reviews of an "Anti-Sociologist" . Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1981, ISBN 978-3-531-11534-4 .
  48. ↑ Helmut Schelsky: Reviews of an "Anti-Sociologist" . Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1981, ISBN 978-3-531-11534-4 .
  49. ↑ Wolfgang Lipp , Schelsky, Helmut. In: Wilhelm Bernsdorf , Horst Knospe (Ed.), Internationales Soziologenlexikon. Tape. 2, articles on sociologists who were alive or who died after 1969, 2nd, revised edition, Stuttgart: Enke, 1984, ISBN 3-432-90702-8 , pp. 747-751.
  50. ↑ a b Helmut Schelsky. Reviews of an "anti-sociologist" . Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1981, ISBN 978-3-531-11534-4 , 74.
  51. ↑ Helmut Schelsky: In search of reality. Collected Essays. Diederichs, Düsseldorf / Cologne 1965
  52. ↑ M. Rainer Lepsius: The sociology after the Second World War. 1945 to 1967. In Cologne journal for sociology and social psychology , German sociology since 1945 , special issue 21/1979, pp. 25–70, here p. 38 f.
  53. ↑ M. Rainer Lepsius: The sociology after the Second World War. 1945 to 1967. In Cologne journal for sociology and social psychology, German sociology since 1945 , special issue 21/1979, pp. 25–70, here pp. 35 f.
  54. ↑ a b Patrick Wöhrle: On the topicality of Helmut Schelsky. Introduction to his work . Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2015, pp. 17–25.
  55. ^ Karl-Siegbert Rehberg, Hans Freyer, Arnold Gehlen, Helmut Schelsky . In: Dirk Kaesler (Ed.), Classics of Sociology . Volume II: From Talcott Parsons to Anthony Giddens . 5th, revised, updated and expanded edition 2007, pp. 72-104, here p. 89.
  56. ↑ Helmut Schelsky: Can constant reflection be institutionalized? On the subject of a modern sociology of religion . In: Zeitschrift für Evangelische Ethik , Volume 4. 1957, pp. 153–174.
  57. ^ Karl-Siegbert Rehberg, Hans Freyer, Arnold Gehlen, Helmut Schelsky . In: Dirk Kaesler (Ed.), Classics of Sociology . Volume II: From Talcott Parsons to Anthony Giddens . 5th, revised, updated and expanded edition 2007, pp. 72-104, here p. 89.
  58. ^ Karl-Siegbert Rehberg, Hans Freyer, Arnold Gehlen, Helmut Schelsky . In: Dirk Kaesler (Ed.), Classics of Sociology . Volume II: From Talcott Parsons to Anthony Giddens . 5th, revised, updated and expanded edition 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-42089-4 , pp. 72-104, here pp. 87 f.
  59. ^ A b Karl-Siegbert Rehberg, Hans Freyer, Arnold Gehlen, Helmut Schelsky . In: Dirk Kaesler (Ed.), Classics of Sociology . Volume II: From Talcott Parsons to Anthony Giddens . 5th, revised, updated and expanded edition 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-42089-4 , pp. 72-104, here p. 88.
  60. ↑ Melvin J. Lasky: Adventure in the normal , in: The Guardian , May 25, 1960, quoted. after Franz-Werner Kersting : Helmut Schelsky's “Skeptical Generation” from 1957. In: Mitteilungen LJA WL 153/2003.
  61. ^ Karl-Siegbert Rehberg, Hans Freyer, Arnold Gehlen, Helmut Schelsky . In: Dirk Kaesler (Ed.), Classics of Sociology . Volume II: From Talcott Parsons to Anthony Giddens . 5th, revised, updated and expanded edition 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-42089-4 , pp. 72-104, here pp. 88 f.
  62. ^ A b Janpeter Kob , sociology between scientific autism and socio-religious doctrine of salvation. In: Rainer Waßner (Ed.), Paths to the Social. 90 years of sociology in Hamburg . Leske and Budrich, Opladen 1988, ISBN 3-8100-0595-9 , pp. 187-193, here. P. 187.
  63. ^ Karl-Siegbert Rehberg, Hans Freyer, Arnold Gehlen, Helmut Schelsky . In: Dirk Kaesler (Ed.), Classics of Sociology . Volume II: From Talcott Parsons to Anthony Giddens . 5th, revised, updated and expanded edition 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-42089-4 , pp. 72-104, here p. 91.
  64. ↑ a b c Stephan Moebius , Schools, Actors and Regional Centers in the Early History of Federal Republican Sociology . In: Stephan Moebius and Andrea Ploder (eds.), Manual. History of German-speaking sociology , Volume 1: History of sociology in German-speaking countries . Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2018, ISBN 978-3-658-07613-9 , pp. 252–287, here p. 265.
  65. ↑ Helmut Schelsky: The work is done by the others. Class struggle and priestly rule of the intellectuals . Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1975, ISBN 978-3-531-11300-5 .
  66. ↑ Ralf Dahrendorf , The Denunciation of the Enlightenment . In: Die Zeit , 14/1975 ( online version , accessed March 13, 2019).
  67. ↑ Peter-Ulrich Merz-Benz , The Paradox of Institutionalized Continuous Reflection. On the explication of Helmut Schelsky's term “anti-sociology” . In: ders. And Gerhard Wagner (eds.): Sociology and Anti-Sociology. A discourse and its reconstruction . UVK, Konstanz 2001, ISBN 978-3-87940-737-8 , pp. 89–118, here p. 89.
  68. ^ Karl-Siegbert Rehberg, Hans Freyer, Arnold Gehlen, Helmut Schelsky . In: Dirk Kaesler (Ed.), Classics of Sociology . Volume II: From Talcott Parsons to Anthony Giddens . 5th, revised, updated and expanded edition 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-42089-4 , pp. 72-104, here p. 92 f.
  69. ^ Helmut Schelsky: Functionaries. Are they endangering the common good? Seewald, Stuttgart-Degerloch 1982, ISBN 978-3-512-00652-4 , p. 306; quoted from Volker Kempf: Against the denial of reality. Helmut Schelsky. Life, work, topicality . Olzog, Munich 2012, p. 185.
  70. ^ Karl-Siegbert Rehberg, Hans Freyer, Arnold Gehlen, Helmut Schelsky . In: Dirk Kaesler (Ed.), Classics of Sociology . Volume II: From Talcott Parsons to Anthony Giddens . 5th, revised, updated and expanded edition 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-42089-4 , pp. 72–104, here p. 90.
  71. ↑ Johannes Weyer , The "Civil War in Sociology". West German Sociology between Americanization and Restoration. In: Sven Papcke (Ed.): Order and Theory. Contributions to the history of sociology in Germany. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1986, ISBN 3-534-09098-5 , pp. 280–304, here p. 287, online version , PDF, accessed on March 11, 2019.
  72. ↑ Stefan Kühl : The International of Racists. Rise and Fall of the International Eugenic Movement in the 20th Century , 2nd updated edition, Campus, Frankfurt am Main, New York 2014, ISBN 978-3-593-39986-7 , pp. 291 f.
  73. ^ Karl-Siegbert Rehberg, Hans Freyer, Arnold Gehlen, Helmut Schelsky . In: Dirk Kaesler (Ed.), Classics of Sociology . Volume II: From Talcott Parsons to Anthony Giddens . 5th, revised, updated and expanded edition 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-42089-4 , pp. 72–104, here p. 90.
  74. ↑ René König (Ed.): Das Fischer-Lexikon, Volume 10, Sociology. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1958, p. 14.
  75. ↑ Helmut Schelsky: Location determination of German sociology. Diederichs, Düsseldorf / Cologne 1959, p. 39.
  76. ↑ René König: On the supposed end of German sociology before the takeover of National Socialism. In: ders, Sociology in Germany. Founder, advocate, despiser. Hanser, Munich / Vienna 1987, ISBN 3-446-14888-4 , pp. 343–387, here pp. 351 ff. (First publication in Cologne journal for sociology and social psychology , year 36, 1984.)
  77. ↑ Alexander Gallus (Ed.), Schillernder Schelsky. Introduction . In: ders .: Helmut Schelsky - the political anti-sociologist. A new reception . Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen 2013, pp. 7–16, here p. 13, notes 29 and 31.
  78. ↑ Silke van Dyk , Alexandra Schauer: "... that official sociology has failed". On sociology under National Socialism, the history of its coming to terms and the role of the DGS . 2, revised and expanded edition. Springer, Wiesbaden 2014, ISBN 978-3-658-06636-9 , p. 130.
  79. ↑ M. Rainer Lepsius: The sociology after the Second World War. 1945 to 1967. In Cologne journal for sociology and social psychology, German sociology since 1945 , special issue 21/1979, pp. 25–70, here p. 66 f.
  80. ^ Bernhard Schäfers, Helmut Schelsky - a sociologist in the Federal Republic. A memory on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of his death . In: Sociology , Volume 38, Issue 1/2009, pp. 48–59, here p. 53.
  81. ↑ Ralf Dahrendorf, Search for Reality. Obituary for an important sociologist . In: Die Zeit, 10/1984 ( online version , accessed March 11, 2019).
  82. ↑ a b c d Volker Kempf: Against the denial of reality. Helmut Schelsky. Life, work, topicality . Olzog, Munich 2012, p. 197 (time table).
  83. ^ Professors: Fifth Wheel , Der Spiegel , 47/1973, accessed on March 18, 2019.
  84. ^ Honorary senators of Bielefeld University
personal data
SURNAME Schelsky, Helmut
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Schelsky, Helmut Wilhelm Friedrich (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German sociologist
DATE OF BIRTH October 14, 1912
PLACE OF BIRTH Chemnitz
DATE OF DEATH February 24, 1984
Place of death Muenster
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