Amaranthoideae

Amaranthoideae
Achyranthes splendens , Cladus Achyranthoids
Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida) Eudicotyledons Nuclear eudicotyledons Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales) Family : Foxtail family (Amaranthaceae) Subfamily : Amaranthoideae
Scientific name
Amaranthoideae
Burnett

The Amaranthoideae are a subfamily in the foxtail family (Amaranthaceae).

description

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The description of the morphological features is practically completely absent

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Amaranthus retroflexus , Cladus Amaranthoids

Celosia argentea , Celosieae

Aerva lanata , Cladus aervoids

The Amaranthoideae differ from the subfamily Gomphrenoideae by anthers with two counters and four pollen sacs .

Systematics and distribution

The subfamily Amaranthoideae was first published in 1835 by Gilbert Thomas Burnett in Outlines of Botany .

The main focus of the distribution is in the Neotropic , in tropical and southern Africa and in Australia .

So far, the subfamily included around 57 genera and around 330 species. The subfamily turned out to be polyphyletic , and its previous subdivisions (tribe Amarantheae Rchb. With the two subtribes Amaranthinae and Aervinae) do not correspond to true lineages except for the tribe Celosiae. Therefore, taxonomic regroupings will take place here. Müller & Borsch 2005 distinguish several clades :

• "Basal group":
  • Bosea L .: The roughly three species occur on the Macaronesian Islands , Cyprus and in the western Himalayas .
  • Charpentiera Gaudich. : The approximately six species occur on the Pacific Islands (Hawaii and Tubuai Islands).
• Cladus Amaranthoids:
  • Amaranth ( Amaranthus L. , Syn .: Acnida L. , Amblogyna Raf. ): Of the approximately 60 species, some also occur outside the tropics in temperate latitudes.
  • Chamissoa Kunth : The seven to 24 species are common in Central and South America.
• Tribus Celosieae Fenzl : Characteristic are several ovules in the ovary. This tribe is the only monophyletic : It contains about five genera with about 69 species:
  • Brandschopf ( Celosia L. ): There are 45 to 60 species found in the warmer areas of Africa and America.
  • Deeringia R.Br. (Syn .: Cladostachys D.Don , Dendroportulaca Eggli ): There are seven to eleven species; they occur in the tropics of the Old World.
  • Henonia Moq. : There is only one type:
    • Henonia scoparia Moq. : It occurs in Madagascar .
  • Hermbstaedtia Rchb. : The 11 to 18 species occur in tropical and southern Africa .
  • Pleuropetalum Hook. f. : There are about three types; they occur in tropical America and the Galapagos Islands.
• Cladus Aervoids: In tropical areas of Africa and Asia:
  • Aerva Forssk. : There are about ten types; they occur in the tropical and warm areas of the Old World.
  • Nothosaerva Wight : There is only one type:
    • Nothosaerva brachiata (L.) Wight : It occurs from tropical Africa and Mauritius to tropical Asia.
  • Ptilotus R.Br. (Syn .: Dipteranthemum F.Muell. , Trichinium R.Br. ): With about 80 species in Australia.
• Cladus Achyranthoids: In tropical areas of Africa and Asia and on Pacific islands:
  • Achyranthes L .: There are about 15 species found in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World. For example:
    • Achyranthes atollensis St.John
    • Achyranthes mangarevica Suess.
    • Achyranthes mutica A. Gray
  • Nototrichium Hillebr. : The three or so species are only found in Hawaii.
  • Calicorema Hook. f. : There are about two types; they occur in tropical and southern Africa.
  • Cyathula flower : there are about 27 species; they occur in the tropics.
  • Pandiaka (Moq.) Hook. f. : The 12 or so species occur in tropical and southern Africa.
  • Psilotrichum Blume (Syn .: Psilostachys Hochst. ): There are about 14 species; they occur in the tropics of the Old World, especially in Africa.
  • Pupalia Juss. : The four or so species are found in the tropics of the Old World.
  • Sericostachys Gilg & Lopr. : There are about two types; they occur in tropical Africa.
  • Wadithamnus T.Hammer & RWDavis : There is only one species:
    • Wadithamnus artemisioides (Vierh. & O.Schwartz) T.Hammer & RWDavis . It occurs only on the coasts of Oman and Yemen .

• Numerous genera have not yet been examined for their phylogenetic assignment:
  • Achyropsis (Moq.) Hook. f. : With about six species that occur in tropical and southern Africa.
  • Allmania R.Br. ex Wight : There is only one type:
    • Allmania nodiflora (L.) R. Brown ex Wight : It occurs in tropical Asia.
  • Allmaniopsis Suess. : There is only one type:
    • Allmaniopsis fruticulosa Suess. : It occurs in eastern Kenya.
  • Arthraerua (Kuntze) Schinz : There is only one type:
    • Arthraerua leubnitziae (Kuntze) Schinz : It occurs only in Namibia .
  • Centema Hook. f. : There are about three types; they occur in tropical Asia.
  • Centemopsis Schinz : There are about 13 species; they occur in tropical Africa.
  • Centrostachys Wall. : There are one to seven types.
  • Chionothrix Hook. f. : There are about two types; they occur in Somalia.
  • Dasysphaera Volkens ex Gilg : The four or so species occur in tropical East Africa.
  • Digera Forssk. : There is only one type:
    • Digera muricata (L.) Mart. : It occurs in tropical Africa and Asia.
  • Eriostylos C.C. Towns. : There is only one type:
    • Eriostylos stefaninii (Chiov.) CCTowns. : It occurs in Somalia .
  • Herbstia Sohmer (Syn. Siamosia K.Larsen & Pedersen ): There is only one type:
    • Herbstia brasiliana (Moq.) Sohmer. : It occurs in Brazil.
  • Indobanalia A.N. Henry & B.Roy (Syn .: Banalia Moq. ): There is only one type:
    • Indobanalia thyrsiflora (Moq.) ANHenry & B.Roy. : It occurs in southwest India .
  • Kelita A.R. Bean : There is only one type:
    • Kelita uncinella A.R.Bean : She wasfirst describedin 2010 from the Australian state of Queensland .
  • Kyphocarpa Schinz (also Cyphocarpa (Fenzl) Lopr. ): The three to twelve species occur in southern tropical and southern Africa.
  • Lagrezia Moq. ( Apterantha C.H.Wright ): There are about 16 species; they occur in Madagascar and on islands in the Indian Ocean.
  • Lecosia Pedersen : There are roughly two types; they occur in southeastern Brazil.
  • Leucosphaera Gilg : There is only one type:
    • Leucosphaera bainesii (Hook. F.) Gilg : It occurs in southern tropical Africa.
  • Lopriorea Schinz : There is only one type:
    • Lopriorea ruspolii Schinz : It occurs in East Africa .
  • Marcelliopsis Schinz (Syn .: Marcellia Baill. ): There are about four types; they occur in southern Africa.
  • Mechowia Schinz : There are about two types; they occur in southern tropical Africa.
  • Nelsia Schinz : There are about three types; they occur in southern tropical and southern Africa.
  • Neocentema Schinz : The roughly two species occur in Somalia and Tanzania.
  • Nyssanthes R.Br. : The three or so species occur in eastern Australia.
  • Omegandra G.J. Leach & CCTowns. : There is only one type:
    • Omegandra kanisii G.J. Leach & CCTowns. : It occurs in northern Australia.
  • Pleuropterantha Franch. : There are about three types; they occur in northeastern tropical Africa.
  • Polyrhabda C.C. Towns . : There is only one type:
    • Polyrhabda atriplicifolia C.C. Towns . : It occurs in Somalia.
  • Pseudosericocoma Cavaco : There is only one type:
    • Pseudosericocoma pungens (Fenzl) Cavaco : It occurs in southwest and southern Africa.
  • Psilotrichopsis C.C. Towns. : There is only one type:
    • Psilotrichopsis curtisii (Oliv.) CCTowns. : It occurs in Thailand and on the Malay Peninsula .
  • Rosifax C.C. Towns . : There is only one type:
    • Rosifax sabuletorum C.C. Towns . : It only occurs in Somalia .
  • Saltia R.Br. ex Moq. (Syn .: Psilodigera Suess. ): There is only one species:
    • Saltia papposa (Forssk.) Moq. : It occurs only on the southern Arabian Peninsula .
  • Sericocoma Fenzl : The three or so species occur in southern Africa.
  • Sericocomopsis Schinz : The approximately two to nine species occur in tropical East Africa.
  • Sericorema (Hook. F.) Lopr. : The approximately six species occur in Africa.
  • Stilbanthus Hook. f. : There is only one type:
    • Stilbanthus scandens Hook. f. : It occurs in the Himalayas.
  • Trichuriella Bennet (Syn .: Trichurus C.C. Towns . ): There is only one species:
    • Trichuriella monsoniae (L. f.) Bennet : It occurs in South and Southeast Asia .
  • Volkensinia Schinz : There is only one type:
    • Volkensinia prostrata Schinz : It occurs in East Africa.

use

The seeds of Amaranthus cruentus , Amaranthus hypochondriacus and Amaranthus caudatus are consumed as pseudograins . As leafy vegetables are used, for example, Amaranthus tricolor , Amaranthus dubius and Amaranthus lividus .

Some species and their cultivars are used as ornamental plants , for example garden foxtail ( Amaranthus caudatus ) and silver firebrick ( Celosia argentea ).

Individual evidence

1. ↑ CAA Henao, 2009: Neotropical Amaranthaceae. - online. In: W. Milliken, B. Klitgard, A. Baracat: Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics.
2. ↑ ^{a b c} Kai Müller, Thomas Borsch: Phylogenetics of Amaranthaceae using matK / trnK sequence data - evidence from parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian approaches. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 92, 2005, pp. 66-102.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au} David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses . 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press 2008. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4
4. ↑ Timothy A. Hammer, Robert W. Davis, Kevin R. Thiele: Wadithamnus, a new monotypic genus in Amaranthaceae. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 295, Issue 2, 2017, pp. 173-184. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.295.2 .
5. ^ AR Bean 2010: Kelita (Amaranthaceae), a new genus from Queensland, Australia. In: Muelleria , Volume 28, Issue 2, p. 105. PDF .

Web links

Commons : Amaranthoideae  - collection of images, videos and audio files

further reading

• Oluwatoyin T. Ogundipe, Mark Chase: Phylogenetic Analyzes of Amaranthaceae Based on matK DNA Sequence Data with Emphasis on West African Species. In: Turk. J. Bot. , Volume 33, 2009, pp. 153-161. doi : 10.3906 / bot-0707-15 PDF.