Gomphrenoideae

Gomphrenoideae
Gomphrena globosa
Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida) Eudicotyledons Nuclear eudicotyledons Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales) Family : Foxtail family (Amaranthaceae) Subfamily : Gomphrenoideae
Scientific name
Gomphrenoideae
Schinz

The Gomphrenoideae are a subfamily in the plant family of the foxtail family (Amaranthaceae).

description

Iresine lindenii (Iresinoids)

Alternanthera caracasana (Alternantheroids)

Tidestromia lanuginosa (Alternantheroids)

Blutaparon portulacoides (Gomphrenoids)

Gomphrena serrata (Gomphrenoids)

Pfaffia glomerata (Gomphrenoids)

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Characteristic of the gomphrenoideae are dust bag with only one bar and two pollen sacs.

Photosynthetic pathway

A large number of species with C ₄ photosynthesis belong to the Gomphrenoideae .

Occurrence

The center of diversity is in Central America, Mexico, and the dry forests and thorn bush savannas of South America.

Systematics and distribution

The subfamily Gomphrenoideae was set up in 1893 by Hans Schinz in Engler and Prantl (eds.): The natural plant families , Volume 3, 1a, p. 97.

The subfamily Gomphrenoideae forms according to Sanchez Del-Pino et al. 2009 a monophyletic taxon with about 19 genera and 300 to 400 species. The previous division into two tribes (Gomphreneae and Pseudoplantageae) does not correspond to the phylogenetic relationships, instead three clades are recognized:

• Cladus iresinoids (sister cladus of the other two clades):
  • Irenella Suess. : There is only one type:
    • Irenella chrysotricha Suess. : It thrives in the rainforest of Ecuador. According to phylogenetic studies, it belongs to Iresine .
  • Iresine P.Browne (Syn .: Dicraurus Hook. F. ): The approximately 45 species are distributed in South and North America.
  • Woehleria Griseb. : There is only one type:
    • Woehleria serpyllifolia Griseb. : This endemic occurs only on mountain coasts in Cuba . According to phylogenetic studies, it belongs to Iresine .
• Cladus Alternantheroids:
  • Parrot leaf ( Alternanthera Forssk. , Syn .: Brandesia Mart. ): The 100 to 200 species, some of which can be cultivated in the aquarium, are mainly found in the New World , also in Africa and Australia , for example:
    • Alligator herb ( Alternanthera philoxeroides Griseb. )
    • Alternanthera aquatica Chodat
    • Alternanthera reineckii Briq. , a species with red leaves
  • Pedersonia Holub : The ten or so species are common in the Neotropic .
  • Tidestromia Standl. : The roughly six species thrive in the deserts of southern North America .
• Cladus Gomphrenoids:
  • Blood aparon Raf. (formerly Philoxerus R.Br. ): The five or so species thrive on the coasts of North and Central America, West Africa , Micronesia and Japan , for example:
    • Blutaparon rigidum (BLRob. & Greenm.) Mears : This extinct species was endemic to the island of San Salvador , which is part of the Galápagos Islands .
  • Froelichia Moench (Syn .: Oplotheca Nutt. ): The twelve or so species are common in the New World .
  • Froelichiella R.E.Fr. : There is only one type:
    • Froelichiella grisea R.E.Fr. : It is common in Brazil .
  • Globe amaranth ( Gomphrena L. , Syn .: Bragantia Vand. ): About 90 species are common in the New World and about 30 species in Australia. This genus is polyphyletic , so taxonomic regroupings are to be expected. Here is a selection of types:
    • Decumbent amaranth ( Gomphrena decumbens Jacq. )
    • Globe amaranth ( Gomphrena globosa L. )
    • Cute globe amaranth ( Gomphrena pulchella Mart. )
  • Gossypianthus Hook. : The only two types occur in North and Central America.
  • Guilleminea Kunth (Syn .: Brayulinea Small ): The five or so species occur in Central America.
  • Hebanthe Mart. : The seven or so species are common in the Neotropic.
  • Hebanthodes Pedersen : There is only one type:
    • Hebanthodes peruviana Pedersen : It is native to Peru .
  • Lithophila Sw. : Of the only three species, two occur only on the Galápagos Islands and one in the Caribbean.
  • Pfaffia Mart. : The approximately 35 species are common in the Neotropic.
  • Pseudogomphrena R.E.Fr. : There is only one type:
    • Pseudogomphrena scandens R.E.Fr. : It is common in Brazil.
  • Pseudoplantago Suess. : There are only two types:
    • Pseudoplantago bisteriliflora C.C. Towns. : It wasfirst describedfrom Venezuela in 1988.
    • Pseudoplantago friesii Suess. : It occurs in Argentina .
  • Quaternella Pedersen : The three or so species are common in South America.
  • Xerosiphon Turcz. : The two to three types are common in South America.

literature

• Ivonne Sánchez del-Pino, Thomas Borsch, Timothy J. Motle: trnL-F and rpl16 Sequence Data and Dense Taxon Sampling Reveal Monophyly of Unilocular Anthered Gomphrenoideae (Amaranthaceae) and an Improved Picture of Their Internal Relationships. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 34, Issue 1, 2009, pp. 57-67. doi : 10.1600 / 036364409787602401 (sections photosynthetic pathway and systematics)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Kai Müller, Thomas Borsch: Phylogenetics of Amaranthaceae using matK / trnK sequence data - evidence from parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian approaches. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 92, 2005, pp. 66-102.
2. ↑ Christel Kasselmann : aquarium plants. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1995; 2nd, revised and expanded edition 1999, ISBN 3-8001-7454-5 , pp. 88–93 and 443.
3. ↑ Christel Kasselmann (1999), p. 443.
4. ↑ www.aquasabi.de: Alternanthera reineckii .
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses . 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press 2008. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4

Web links

Commons : Gomphrenoideae  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Carlos Alberto Agudelo Henao, 2009: Neotropical Amaranthaceae. - online. In: W. Milliken, Bente B. Klitgaard, A. Baracat: Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics.

further reading

• Oluwatoyin T. Ogundipe, Mark Chase: Phylogenetic Analyzes of Amaranthaceae Based on matK DNA Sequence Data with Emphasis on West African Species. In: Turk. J. Bot. , Volume 33, 2009, pp. 153-161. doi : 10.3906 / bot-0707-15 PDF.
• Rowan F. Sage, Tammy L. Sage, Robert W. Pearcy, Thomas Borsch: The taxonomic distribution of C4 photosynthesis in Amaranthaceae sensu stricto. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 94, Issue 12, 2007, pp. 1992-2003. doi : 10.3732 / ajb.94.12.1992 PDF.