Melnichenko started in Vershina Tjoi in November 2010 for the first time in the Eastern Europe Cup and finished 214th in the sprint. In the 2013/14 season he made it into the top ten four times in the Eastern Europe Cup. He achieved his first podium finish in Vershina Tjoi with third place over 15 km freestyle and achieved 11th place in the overall standings at the end of the season. At the U23 World Championships 2015 in Almaty he came in 14th place in the 15 km freestyle and 13th place in the skiathlon . In January 2016 he took his first win in the Eastern Europe Cup in the skiathlon in Minsk . In the same month he ran his first World Cup race in Nové Město , which he finished in 22nd place over 15 km freestyle and thus got his first World Cup points. At the beginning of April 2016 he finished second in the 50 km mass start race at the Russian championships in Tyumen . He finished the 2015/16 season in eighth place in the overall ranking of the Eastern Europe Cup. After first place over 15 km classic at the Eastern Europe Cup in Krasnogorsk in December 2016, he finished 27th in the Tour de Ski 2016/17 . In February 2017 he achieved second place in Syktywkar over 15 km freestyle and reached 15th place in the overall ranking of the Eastern Europe Cup. At the Nordic World Ski Championships 2017 in Lahti he came in 28th place in the 50 km mass start race. In the 2017/18 season he finished 19th in the Tour de Ski 2017/18 and 48th place in sprint, 29th place in skiathlon and 14th place over 15 km freestyle at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang . In March 2018 he won the Demino Ski Marathon over 50 km freestyle.
After finishing 21st in the Lillehammer Triple at the beginning of the 2018/19 season, Melnichenko finished third in the 30 km freestyle and second in the relay in Beitostølen . At the Tour de Ski 2018/19 he achieved three top ten placements, including third place in the final stage in Fiemme Valley , sixth place. In January 2019 he came in second place with the relay in Ulricehamn . At the season highlight, the Nordic World Ski Championships 2019 in Seefeld in Tirol , he finished 13th in the 50 km mass start race and in the skiathlon. At the end of the season he finished 18th in the World Cup finals in Québec and finally reached 14th place in the overall World Cup and eighth place in the Distance World Cup. At the beginning of April 2019 he became the Russian champion over 15 km freestyle in Kononovskaya . In the 2019/20 season he achieved eighth place in the Tour de Ski 2019/20 and 14th place in the 2020 ski tour and thus achieved 11th place in both the overall World Cup and the Distance World Cup. He was also second in Lillehammer and third in Lahti with the relay.