Anton Gogeisl

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Alt St. Nikolaus von Siegenburg - Baptistery of Anton Gogeisl

Anton Gogeisl ( Chinese  鮑 友 管  /  鲍 友 管 , Pinyin Bào Yǒuguǎn ; born October 30, 1701 in Siegenburg , † October 12, 1771 in Beijing ) was a German Jesuit and missionary .

Life and school education

St. Francis Xavier is the role model for all East Asia Jesuit missionaries. Wooden relief from 1895 in the parish church of St. Nikolaus in Siegenburg

His father Johann Wolfgang Gogeisl was a soldier and was in the service of Elector Max II. Emanuel of Bavaria . 1698 in the rank of sergeant, then from 1701 a lieutenant, from 1703 finally as a captain. The ancestors of Johann Wolfgang Gogeisl come from the Neukirchen market near the Holy Blood in today's Cham district . While he was still stationed in Markt Siegenburg, his son Anton was born on October 30, 1701 with the baptismal name Wolfgangus Franciscus Antonius. His mother was called Apolonia. The baptism took place in the subsidiary church of St. Nikolaus zu Siegenburg . At that time, the entire area of ​​the Siegenburg market had ecclesiastical benfizi status and was a branch of the parish of Ortisei von Niederumelsdorf until 1869 . Johann Wolfgang, the father, meanwhile promoted to captain, was captured by Austria during the War of the Spanish Succession in 1703. The talents of Anton Gogeisl were noticed by the local pastor Andreas Stängl (1691-1710 in Siegenburg) in the local Latin school. With the help of an unnamed patron, he was able to attend the Jesuit high school in Munich (called the " Wilhelminum "), today Wilhelmsgymnasium Munich , from the beginning of the second decade of the 18th century . He left it on August 24, 1719, not yet 18 years old.

Entry into the order, study and ordination

On September 14, 1720 he entered the Jesuit order. The novitiate of the Upper German Province of the Socitas Jesu was in Landsberg am Lech . During this time he completed his pilgrimage . At the end of the novitiate, he made his first temporary vows . As early as 1722 he was studying mathematics and philosophy at the college in Ingolstadt and at the university there . In the two years 1723 and 1724 he won first prize in mathematics at the scholars' disputations held in Ingolstadt. After completing his studies in theology, he was ordained as a subdeacon in Eichstätt Cathedral on March 8, 1732 , ordained a deacon on March 29 of the same year and ordained a priest on June 7, 1732. Then he was internally assigned to one of the popular popular missions in Salzburg at the time . In 1736 Anton Gogeisl received an assignment from the Superior General in Rome, Franz Retz , as a missionary to China . It was furnished in the provincial house in Munich. With him left Munich on September 16 at the latest: P. Andreas Strobl SJ, P. Aloysius Pellecius SJ, P. Carolus Gabelsberger SJ, P. Antonius Häckl SJ, P. Florianus Bahr SJ and others. Only Fr Florianus Bahr SJ went with him to China, the others were destined for South America, India and Japan.

Journey to the mission to China

The journey for Anton Gogeisl SJ and all missionaries destined for China lasted 999 days. The intermediate stops, some of which lasted several weeks and months, were due to the loading and unloading of the ships, waiting times due to diseases that had broken out, the unfavorable wind conditions and the like. The Jesuit missionaries for East Asia always had to travel by Portuguese ships, with the port of departure in Lisbon . This was because Portugal (the Port. King) held the patronage and maintained the East India Company . The rates for this changed constantly, had to be negotiated again and again and were considered extremely high. The above-mentioned fathers who left Munich belonged to the so-called 156th mission to the "two India ", as the continent America and East Asia were called at that time. The entire trip had to be used, as far as possible, to learn or perfect the Chinese language and to acquire the customs and manners at court step by step, but also to provide pastoral and medical care to ship passengers. The arrival together with Father Florian Bahr SJ and Father Augustinus Hallerstein SJ, who will join him from Goa , is dated June 13, 1739. Since there are 4 more documents to be given, the date of arrival that has been handed down from the literature to date must be corrected with March 1, 1739. As can be proven, the tour company around Fr. Antonius, starting from Macao, did not set foot on Chinese soil until March 1st with the arrival in Canton. Macao was not part of Chinese territory at the time, and there is probably a translation problem in a source.

Missionary and astronomer in imperial services

As early as autumn 1739 he received a job as an "official assistant" from P. Ignaz Kögler . From that time on he was also a co-author of the great astronomical work Li Xiang Kao Scheng (35 volumes), after completion Yu Zhi Li Xiang Kao Scheng Hou Bian, which means something like: New edition of the work Li Xiang Kao Scheng with imperial Preface. A kind of astronomical textbook for measuring celestial coordinates, as well as for instructions on the use of astronomical devices.

Signature of Anton Gogeisl on the first letter from Beijing 1740

Antonius Gogeisl rose to the level of the Presidium of the Calendar Office as early as 1743, first as the so-called "right assessor", followed by P. Augustinus Hallerstein, who took the "left assessor" post of P. Andreas Pereyra after his death in the same year . Emperor Qianlong raised Fr. Antonius Gogeisl from 1746 to the rank of mandarin and now left assessor, since Fr. Augustine advanced to the position of president. Gogeisl was now deputy head of the Astronomical Office (also called the Calendar Office), a sub-authority of the Ministry of Rites . Ex officio he was now also the "chief astronomer of the Imperial Observatory". One of the most important tasks of the calendar office was to keep the annual calendar error-free, to always synchronize it, so to speak, with the actual conditions in the day and night sky. Since sowing and harvesting were the most important key dates in the Chinese calendar, no mistakes were allowed to happen here, as incorrect dates could result in poor harvests and the Chinese people would starve. Emperor Qianlong's father, Emperor Chongzhen, publicly stated: "... If there were no grain, the people of our country could not live and the society of China would no longer exist ". Gogeisl's missionary activities could only take place at night and here only in so-called houses of the underground church that already existed at that time . After Pope Benedict XIV ended the ritual controversy by prohibiting accommodation in 1742/44, the imperial family's pressure on the missionaries increased, heavily influenced by Buddhist bigwigs and high Confucian dignitaries. Unlike the Kögler, who had already been different in 1746, Gogeisl was fully aware of the effects. In his two very long letters, on the one hand to the Superior General in Rome and on the other hand to Father Heinrich Hiss in Ingolstadt, he reported page by page of murders of missionaries in the interior of the country, stalkings, spying, rape and children who were discarded to die at the city gates by their parents could not be fed. Personally, he remained unmolested because, as a high ministerial official, he was under the personal protection of Emperor Qianlong , i.e. diplomats had a similar status. Nevertheless, Chinese astronomers always tried to put their miscalculations on the shoes of the European presidium members. The famous Orbansammlung in Ingolstadt originally owned "... Sinis nibs, like those sent out with the Dinte by P. Goggeisl ...", ie sent to Ingolstadt with Portuguese deep-sea merchant ships traveling home. In addition to their daily work at the observatory and in the calendar office, Antonius Gogeisl and Augustinus Hallerstein had the imperial mandate to look after foreign delegations during their stay in Beijing . So did the Portuguese embassy from April 30, 1753 - June 9, 1753. Meetings with Korean tribute delegations also took place several times. A Korean scholar named Hong Dae-Yong (May 12, 1731 - November 17, 1783) reported on this in the form of a written diary from November 2, 1765 - April 8, 1766. The original is in the archives of the Catholic University Soongsil in Seoul . The most important meetings with the Jesuit missionaries took place in January (January 7th, January 9th, January 13th, January 19th, January 24th) and February (February 2nd) of the year 1766. Since both fathers had diplomatic status, it was possible to bring Christian ideas outside of the country, thus also into the Kingdom of Korea. Fortunately, the Old Chinese and Old Korean characters were still the same in the 18th century. Christian ideas were already available in Chinese translations. According to Korean church history, the first Korean baptized was recorded in 1784, 13 years after the death of Antonius Gogeisl. Thus both had a not inconsiderable influence on the Christianization of Korea. Father Antonius was able to continue working undisturbed until his death in 1771. He was buried with a "state funeral" in the Jesuit cemetery in Beijing. On December 14, 1972, Markt Siegenburg dedicated a street called "Gogeislstrasse" in his honor.

literature

  • Siegfried Hofmann: The Jesuits in Ingolstadt , 1991, edited by Kurt Scheuerer, 2004.
  • A. Huonder: German Jesuit missionaries of the 17th and 18th centuries , Freiburg 1899.
  • Johann Ertlmeier: A missionary, his quadrant and the emperor in the realm of the dragon , Siegenburg 2018.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ according to Expertise by Stefan Hackl, Research Group: "Names" at the University of Regensburg from September 24, 2018.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g Johann Ertlmeier: A missionary, his quadrant and the emperor in the realm of the dragon . 1st edition. Gogeisl-Verlag GbR, Siegenburg 2018, ISBN 978-3-00-059962-0 , p. 17, 19, 20 - 22, see also pages 116–117, 150 .
  3. ^ Max Leitschuh: The matriculations of the upper classes of the Wilhelmsgymnasium in Munich , 4 vol., Munich 1970–1976; Vol. 2, p. 200.
  4. ↑ a b c Sebes SJ: Diccionario Historico de la Compania De Jesus . Ed .: Institutum Historicum Sicietas Iesu. tape 2 . Roma / Madrid 2001, p. Column 1767 right .
  5. ^ J. Gerstner: History of the city of Ingolstadt . Ed .: Georg Franz. Munich 1853, p. 582 .
  6. ^ R. Heinrich Hiss . In: ARSI manuscript collection . Germania Superior 50, 332v. Archive of the Jesuit General Curia, Rome 1732, p. 332 .
  7. ^ Catalogus Primus . In: General Curia Jesuits (Ed.): ARSI collection of manuscripts . G. Sup. 35,282v. Rome 1732.
  8. ↑ a b See archival document BayHStA Jesuitica 579/9.
  9. ↑ a b c d Johann Ertlmeier: A missionary, his quadrant and the emperor in the kingdom of the dragon Anton Gogeisl Jesuit from Siegenburg (1701 - 1771) . 1st edition. Gogeisl-Verlag GbR, Siegenburg 2018, ISBN 978-3-00-059962-0 , p. 13-14, 53 .
  10. ↑ J. Wicki SJ: List of the Jesuit Indians 1541-1758 . Ed .: Hans Bottle. Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Münster 1967.
  11. ^ A b P. Augustinus Hallerstein SJ: Letter No. 587 of November 4, 1739 . In: RP Francisco Keller (Ed.): Welt-Bott . tape 30 . Joseph Stöcklein with Leopold Johann Kaliwoda, Vienna 1755.
  12. ^ A b Xi Sun: Significance and role of the Jesuit missionary Ignaz Kögler in China . Ed .: University of Mainz. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 978-3-631-55837-9 , pp. 368 .
  13. ↑ PL van Hée: Les Mandarins Jésuites . Ed .: Spes Éditions. tape 8 , no. 1 . Les Amis des Missions, Paris 1931.
  14. ↑ a b See Bayer. Main State Archive Signature "GL Fasz. 1489 No. 1" p. 4, item 44.
  15. ↑ a b Hong Dae-Yong (홍대용): Ŭlbyŏng yŏnhaengnok ( 을병 연행록) . 1st edition. 1 and 2. Kwangmyŏng: Kyŏngjin Munhwasa, Seoul 2012, ISBN 978-89-5996-144-3 , pp. Vol. 1: 558, Vol. 2: 488 (Korean).
  16. ↑ Charles Dallet: Histoire de LÉGLISE DE Coree . Ed .: Victor Palmé. tape 1 . Paris 1874, p. 387 .
  17. ^ Exhibition in 2016 in the Army Museum Ingolstadt on the Jesuit cemetery in Beijing. Bavarian Army Museum, 2016, accessed January 26, 2019 .
personal data
SURNAME Gogeisl, Anton
ALTERNATIVE NAMES 鲍 友 管 (Chinese)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German Jesuit and missionary
DATE OF BIRTH October 30, 1701
PLACE OF BIRTH Siegenburg
DATE OF DEATH October 12, 1771
Place of death Beijing