Anton Janscha

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Anton Janša on a Yugoslav postage stamp from 1973

Anton Janša or Anton Janša (* 20th May 1734 in Greznica ; † 13. September 1773 in Vienna ) was a Slovene Hofimkermeister of Maria Theresa , inventor of the first Zargenbetriebsweise , conductor and lecturer at the school to promote beekeeping and author of numerous monographs on Beekeeping and beekeeping.

Early years

From the days of his childhood and youth it is known that Anton Janscha became enthusiastic about beekeeping at a very early age and is said to have helped with his father's apiary. In 1766 he completed a three-year apprenticeship as a copper engraver with his brothers, Lorenz and Valentin, at the K & K Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna .

Appointment as a lecturer at the imperial court

In 1769, Empress Maria Theresa ordered the establishment of a bee school. The Lower Austrian Economic Society , which Anton Janscha proposed as a suitable candidate for the position of director, was responsible for the development . In an imperial court decree of April 7, 1770, it was ordered that “(...) the painter Janscha (...), who is particularly experienced in beekeeping, be appointed K&K teacher of beekeeping. The newly founded school was relocated to Vienna's Augarten and was named the Theresian Beekeeping School .

Janscha lectured on beekeeping and held practical demonstrations in front of members of the nobility and the bourgeoisie. He designed the first frame mode in which the rear wall could be moved and thus adapted to the size of the population, although the movable honeycomb was still completely unknown at the time.

He also promoted migration with bees in the buckwheat costume.

Activity as a bee scientist

In addition to teaching, Janscha also dealt with scientific knowledge about bees. He first discovered the beekeepers in the eyeball lying section thickened chitinous posing as mating sign of Weisel peeling off Ausstülpungsvorgang during mating of the skin and be ejected.

Janscha was also able to prove that the queen bee is fertilized by several drones in the air. In his writings, he wrote the first instructions on how to breed queens and gave practical advice on how to treat drone-breeding colonies and practiced what is known as drone breeding. During investigations into the swarming instinct of the bee colonies, he found that the so-called pre- swarm with the old queen leaves the hive. He also invented a catching device for escaped swarms, the so-called swarm catcher stick .

He also taught queen breeding ( queen breeding) and how to heal drone-brooding colonies with his breeding program. With the so-called drone broodiness, there is no longer a mated queen in the bee colony. Unfertilized eggs are laid in a colony brooding with drones; this can be done by a sterile queen or by so-called anal wives. This procedure leads to the extinction of the entire colony over a longer period of time because worker bees are no longer produced to provide the colony with food.

Janscha found during his observations that there is a certain order in the distribution of honey, pollen and brood on every brood comb.

Inventor of the Krainer peasant stick

Janscha is considered to be the inventor of the Krainer peasant stick , which he developed from the horizontal hives common in Krain . The main feature of this flat box was its detachable face board. The floor board could also be removed in order to carry out a precise public inspection. With this construction, the beekeeper could look inside the beehive without damaging the honeycomb .

Aftermath and honors

  • Two years after his death, a law promoting beekeeping was passed on April 8, 1775 in order to encourage the expansion of Austrian beekeeping.
  • In 1781 the school was closed again under Emperor Joseph II .
  • In 1787 bonuses were paid out to beekeepers who had to look after a large number of bee colonies.
  • In 1799 the planting of bees was recommended by imperial decree.
  • A memorial plaque was erected in Vienna's Augarten in honor of Janscha .
  • In his honor, the United Nations set World Bee Day on May 20th, Janscha's birthday.

Works

Shortly after his death, Josef Münzberg, a student of Anton Janscha, published his written estate:

  • 1771 treatise on swarming bees
  • 1775 Complete doctrine of beekeeping

Impressions from Janscha's inventions and achievements (selection)

  • Janscha's inventions, achievements and honors

  • Reconstruction of Anton Janscha's apiary in Breznica

  • Crate of the Krainer peasant stick with removable bottom and end boards (drawing from the monograph Complete Doctrine of Beekeeping )

  • Drawing of a swarm catcher stick from his monograph Complete Doctrine of Beekeeping

  • Painted front board on the front of a Krainer peasant stick

  • Memorial plaque for Anton Janscha. Exhibited in Vienna's Augarten

See also

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ XVI. International beekeeping congress 1956 in Vienna Hiking meeting in Vienna 31.7.-5.8. 1972: Symposium "Mating Control" in Lunz
  2. ↑ Radovljica Beekeeping Museum http://www.slovenia.info/?muzej=10115 Website from www.slovenia.info, the official Slovenian tourism information portal . Retrieved February 21, 2012

Web links

Commons : Anton Janscha  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
personal data
SURNAME Janscha, Anton
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Janša, Anton
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Slovenian master beekeeper
DATE OF BIRTH May 20, 1734
PLACE OF BIRTH Greznica
DATE OF DEATH September 13, 1773
Place of death Vienna