Aphanomyces

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Aphanomyces
Cancer plague (Aphanomyces astaci)

Cancer plague ( Aphanomyces astaci )

Systematics
Domain : Eukaryotes (eukaryota)
Subdivision : Heteroconta
Class : Egg mushrooms (Oomycetes)
Order : Saprolegniales
Family : Leptolegniaceae
Genre : Aphanomyces
Scientific name
Aphanomyces
de Bary 1860

Aphanomyces is a genus of fungiwithin the order of the egg mushrooms. In 2003 45 species were described. Some Aphanomyces have been recognized as important economic pests for edible plants, crayfish and fish. Some of the species are limited to the infestation of one taxon , for example Aphanomyces iridis only parasitizes irises . Others are not so specialized, so Aphanomyces euteiches can attack various vegetables. While they can occasionallytrigger animal diseases among aquatic organisms, they are human pathogensAphanomyces not known.

features

The genus is characterized by fine, translucent to light brown, non-proliferating hyphae that do not exceed 20 micrometers in diameter. Vegetative hyphae do not differ from the filamentous zoosporangia that zoosporangia produce in a row within the hypha. This release (in a row) of the primarily formed zoospores is the taxonomically important feature to distinguish Aphanomyces from other genera of the order. Similar to the genus Achlya , they form cysts in groups immediately after being released . Sometimes the zoospores also form cysts within the zoosporangia, as in the genus Aplanes . The primary zoospores are mostly elongated, ellipsoidal or spindle-shaped, the secondary zoospores are kidney-shaped and laterally with 2 flagella (biflagellate). The oogonia, which are usually formed individually or rarely in pairs, are terminal or lateral, different in size, shape or wall surface. the antheridia are generally diclinic or monoclinic , rarely androgynous .

ecology

The way of life of the species is extremely different. Some live in moist soil or in water, are saprotrophic or live parasitic on plants, algae, aquatic fungi, insects, crayfish and fish.

species

Aphanomyces is a monophyletic genus that split into three groups :

  1. Parasites of animals
  2. Parasites of plants
  3. Saprobionts, or opportunistic parasites

Species list:

Biological control

Aphanomyces can be combated by various Bacillus species. In agriculture, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus are used for this purpose. However, the latter biological fungicide is viewed with skepticism because of potential anthrax toxins .

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Individual evidence

  1. ^ William W. Scott: A monograph of the genus Aphanomyces. In: Technical Bulletin. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station , 151, 1961.
  2. ↑ a b c N. J. Grünwald, CJ Coyne (Ed.): Proceedings of the Second International Aphanomyces . Workshop Pasco, Washington, May 17-18 June 2003, USDA ARS.
  3. ↑ a b Markovskaja Svetlana: The genus Aphanomyces (Leptolegniaceae, Peronosporomycetes) in Lithuania . In: Botanica Lithuanica . tape 13 , 2007, p. 237–244 ( online via researchgate ).
  4. ↑ Javier Diéguez-Uribeondo, Miguel A. García, Lage Cerenius, Eva Kozubíková, Isabel Ballesteros, Carol Windels, John Weiland, Howard Kator, Kenneth Söderhäll, María P. Martín: Phylogenetic relationships among plant and animal parasites, and saprotrophs in Aphanomyces ( Oomycetes) . In: Fungal Genetics and Biology , Volume 46, No. 5, May 2009, pp. 365-376, doi : 10.1016 / j.fgb.2009.02.004 .
  5. ^ M. Larsson, B. Gerhardson: Disease progression and yield losses from root diseases caused by soilborne pathogens of spinach. In: Phytopathology , 82, No. 4, 1992, pp. 403-406 ( PDF ( Memento of the original from August 22, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / admin.apsnet.org
  6. ^ M. Larsson, J. Olofsson: Prevalence and pathogenicity of spinach root pathogens of the genera Aphanomyces, Phytophthora, Fusarium, Cylindrocarpon, and Rhizoctonia in Sweden. In: Plant Pathology , 43, No. 2, 1994, pp. 251-260.
  7. ↑ Lee Panella, et al .: Sugarbeet. In: Yield Gains in Major US Field Crops yieldgainsinmaj 2014, pp. 357-396 ( PDF ).
  8. ↑ AM Muehlchen, RE Rand, JL Parke: Evaluation of crucifer green manures for controlling Aphanomyces root rot of peas. In: Plant Disease , 74, No. 9, 1990, pp. 651-654.
  9. ↑ JL Parke et al .: Biological control of Pythium damping-off and Aphanomyces root rot of peas by application of Pseudomonas cepacia or P. fluorescens to seed. In: Plant Disease , 75, No. 10, 1991, pp. 987-992.
  10. ↑ JA Lewis, GC Papavizas: Effect of sulfur-containing volatile compounds and vapors from cabbage decomposition on Aphanomyces euteiches. In: Phytopathology , 61, 1971, pp. 208-214 ( PDF ).
  11. ↑ MW Vandersea et al .: Molecular assays for detecting Aphanomyces invadans in ulcerative mycotic fish lesions. In: Appl Environ Microbiol , 72, No. 2, 2006, pp. 1551-1557.
  12. ↑ JH Lilley, D. Hart, V. Panyawachira, S. Kanchanakhan, S. Chinabut, K. Söderhäll, L. Cerenius: Molecular characterization of the fish-pathogenic fungus Aphanomyces invadans. In: Journal of fish diseases. Volume 26, Number 5, May 2003, pp. 263-275, PMID 12962235 .
  13. ↑ SK Mondal, AB De: A fatal oomycotic disease of the fresh water fish Aplocheilus panchax in India caused by Aphanomyces laevis. In: Mycopathologia. 154, p. 21, doi : 10.1023 / A% 3A1015252717966 .
  14. ↑ H. Humaydan, PH Williams: Factors affecting in vitro growth and zoospore production by Aphanomyces raphani . In: Phytopathology , 68, 1978, pp. 377-381 ( PDF ).
  15. ↑ D. Takuma et al .: A new species, Aphanomyces salsuginosus sp. nov., isolated from ice fish Salangichthys microdon. In: Mycoscience , 51, No. 6, 2010, pp. 432-442.
  16. ^ C. Estevez de Jensen, JA Percich, PH Graham: Integrated management strategies of bean root rot with Bacillus subtilis and Rhizobium in Minnesota. In: Field Crops Research , 74, No. 2, 2002, pp. 107-115.
  17. ^ Jo Handelsman et al .: Biological control of damping-off of alfalfa seedlings with Bacillus cereus UW85. In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 56, No. 3, 1990, pp. 713-718 ( PDF ).
  18. ↑ Laura A. Silo-Suh et al .: Biological activities of two fungistatic antibiotics produced by Bacillus cereus UW85. In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 60, No. 6, 1994, pp. 2023-2030 ( PDF ).