Anton de Bary

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Anton de Bary

Heinrich Anton de Bary (born January 26, 1831 in Frankfurt am Main , † January 19, 1888 in Strasbourg ) was a German scientist , doctor , mycologist and botanist . Its official botanical author abbreviation is " de Bary ".

Life

De Bary was born the son of the respected Frankfurt doctor August Theodor de Bary . He comes from a very aristocratic family from Barry near Tournai in Belgium. His father supported the son's research inclination, which began at an early age, by leasing him the "Main Island", which no longer exists, so that he could pursue his urge to discover there. During his hour-long boat trips on the Main, he got to know plants and examined single-celled algae microscopically.

As a high school graduate, he already had an extensive herbarium, which he later bequeathed to the Strasbourg Botanical Institute. Through his early contact with the then head of the Senckenberg Institute in Frankfurt, Georg Fresenius , De Bary developed his interest in algae and fungi as well as working on the microscope . At the age of 21 he wrote a treatise on the phycomycete Achyla , which testifies to de Barys' excellent observation. He showed that the Saprolegnia swarmers have two terminal flagella, while the swarmers of Achyla have two lateral flagella. With this work he refuted, among other things, the well-known botanist Nathanael Pringsheim (1823-1894), who had only given a scourge for the Saprolegnia enthusiasts.

In the years 1849/1850 De Bary studied medicine in Heidelberg and Marburg. From 1850 he studied in Berlin, where he received his Dr. med. received his doctorate. His dissertation was on the topic: De plantarum generatione sexuali . After only one year of work as a doctor, de Bary decided to pursue a career as a botanist and completed his habilitation in 1854 at the University of Tübingen with Hugo von Mohl (1805–1872).

In 1855 at the age of only 24 he was appointed associate professor at the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg , where he became full professor and director of the Botanical Garden in 1859 . In Freiburg, the Russian botanist and phytopathologist Mikhail Stepanowitsch Voronin was his collaborator, with whom he carried out several important studies on fungi (e.g. on Chytridiales , Ascobolus , Mucor ). In 1867 he accepted a position at the University of Halle and then in 1872 to switch to the newly founded Kaiser Wilhelm University in Strasbourg . A new institute was built there according to his plans and moved into in 1882. In addition, the university's new botanical garden was built with spacious greenhouses, according to him. From 1872 he was a member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and from 1878 a corresponding member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences . In 1879 he was elected a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and in 1880 a foreign corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences . 1884 was accepted as a foreign member in the Royal Society . He was a member of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors .

Many of de Bary's pupils later became famous botanists themselves, including Frederick Orpen Bower , Julius Oscar Brefeld , the son of Charles Darwin Francis Darwin , William Gilson Farlow , Karl Ritter von Goebel , Pierre-Marie Alexis Millardet , Friedrich Oltmanns , Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper , the lichen researcher Hermann zu Solms-Laubach , Ernst Stahl , Julius Wortmann , Józef Rostafiński and Sergei Nikolajewitsch Winogradski .

research

De Barys' area of ​​work was particularly the comparative anatomy of higher plants, algae and fungi, especially rust and smut fungi , which he had dealt with as early as 1853 in his habilitation thesis. In 1866 his book on the morphology and physiology of fungi, lichens and myxomycetes was published . De Bary discovered that in plant diseases it is not the plant that produces the fungus, but that the fungi are the cause of the plant diseases. He presented this knowledge using the example of late blight in the potato in his work The Potato Disease, Its Cause and Prevention , published in 1861. According to biologist Ulrich Kutschera, De Bary is the founder of phytopathology .

Although the complicated development cycles of the rust and smut fungi had already been discovered by Louis René Tulasne (1815–1885) and his brother Charles Tulasne (1816–1884), it was only de Bary who was in correspondence with both of them, including the Elucidate double spore formation of the black rust fungus ( Puccinia graminis ) in uredospores (summer spores ) and teleutospores (winter spores ). According to Tulasne, these spores should arise from a slime. He also found out that a third and fourth form of fruit, the aecidia , is formed on the leaf of an intermediate host, in the case of black rust on the barberry (Berberis vulgaris). Based on this knowledge, the spread of black rust was combated by removing the barberry from the field.

De Bary extended his research to other diseases in crops. Among other things, he dealt with the diseases of grapevines , downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) , powdery mildew (Oidium tuckeri) and the red burner (Pseudopezicula tracheiphila ).

In the field of mycology, he explained, among other things, the development of slime molds (myxomycetes) , demonstrated that Aspergillus as a conidia form belonged to the Eurotium fruiting body and described the complete development of downy mildew of the grapevine.

De Bary made further groundbreaking discoveries in the field of lichens . Based on this work, he suggested at the 51st meeting of German natural scientists and doctors in Kassel in 1878 that particularly close relationships or biosystems between two species should be described as symbiosis . De Bary defined symbioses as "the coexistence of dissimilar organisms".

In addition, in 1858 he recognized the taxonomic and phylogenetic association of ornamental algae with thread algae from the relationship of the well-known " screw band alga " Spirogyra .

Honors

The German Phytomedical Society awards the Anton de Bary Medal every year.

Fonts (selection)

  • (1853): De plantarum generatione sexuali . Berolini, Schade 1853 OCLC 255254327 (Medical dissertation "dissertatio inauguralis physiologica" University of Berlin, Medical Faculty, 1853, 35 pages, 8 °, quam ... publice defendet auctor [Heinrich] Antonius de Bary Moeno-Francofurtanus, Latin).
  • (1853): Investigations into the smut fungi and the diseases caused by them in plants with regard to the grain and other useful plants . GWF Müller, Berlin 1853, OCLC 6349150 ([Habilitation thesis] 1853, 144 pages, 8 plates, 23 cm, full text online in viewer, 2009 digitized by: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich, copy of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek with the shelf mark : Phyt. 18 xm) .
  • (1858): Investigations into the conjugate family , doi: 10.3931 / e-rara-17160
  • (1859): Mycetezoen. A contribution to the knowledge of the lowest animals .
  • (1861): The currently prevailing potato disease, its cause and its prevention: a plant physiological study . Förstner, Leipzig 1861, Johann Christian Senckenberg University Library, Frankfurt am Main 2006 DNB 1128400472 ( full text, online PDF, free of charge, 80 pages, 49,113 kB).
  • with Michail Stepanowitsch Voronin (1863): Contribution to the knowledge of Chytrideen .
  • (1863): On the fruit development of the Ascomycetes , doi: 10.3931 / e-rara-17869 .
  • (1864–1865): About the knowledge of the downy mildew . Treatise, ed. from the Senckenbergische Naturforschenden Gesellschaft: 367–372.
  • (1864–1865): Contributions to the morphology and physiology of fungi . Treatise, ed. from the Senckenbergische Naturforschenden Gesellschaft: 137–232, doi: 10.3931 / e-rara-17877 .
  • (1864–1865): On the knowledge of the mucorins . Treatise, ed. from the Senckenbergische Naturforschenden Gesellschaft: 345–366.
  • with Mikhail S. Woronin (1865): Supplément à l'histoire des Chytridiacées . Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Botanique: 239-269.
  • (1866): Morphology and Physiology of Fungi, Lichen and Myxomycetes . Digitized .
  • (1866): About the germination of some large-spore lichens , in: Yearbook for scientific botany.
  • (1866): New studies on the uredinees, in particular the development of Puccinia graminis and the connection between them and Aecidium berberidis . Monthly reports of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin.
  • (1867): New studies on the uredinees . Monthly reports of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin.
  • (1869-1870): Eurotium, Erysiphe, Cincinnobolus. Along with remarks on the genital organs of the Ascomycetes . Treatise, ed. from the Senckenbergische Naturforschenden Gesellschaft: 361–455.
  • (1869): On the knowledge of insect-killing fungi . Botanical Newspaper: 585-593.
  • (1874): Protomyces microsporus and his relatives : Botanische Zeitung: 81-92.
  • (1876): Researches into the nature of the potatofungus Phytophthora infestans . Journal of Botany: 105-126.
  • (1876): Researches into the nature of the potato-fungus, Phytophthora infestans . Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England: 239-269.
  • (1877): Comparative anatomy of the vegetation organs of the phanerogams and ferns. Digitized .
  • (1879): The appearance of symbiosis .
  • (1881): Investigations into the Peronosporeen and Saprolegnieen and the basis of a natural system of the mushrooms . Treatise, ed. from the Senckenberg Natural Research Society: 225–370.
  • (1881): On the knowledge of the peronospore . Botanical Newspaper: 521-625.
  • (1883): On Pringsheim's observations on the act of fertilization of the genera Achlya and Saprolegnia . Botanical newspaper: 38–60.
  • with Heinrich Georg Winter & Heinrich Simon Ludwig Friedrich Felix Rehm (1884): Germany's cryptogamic flora or manual for the determination of the cryptogamic plants in Germany, Switzerland, the Lombard-Venetian Kingdom and Istria: Schizomycetes, Saccharomycetes, and Basidiomycetes . 2 volumes.
  • (1884): Comparative morphology and biology of fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . 2nd Edition.
  • (1886): About some sclerotia and sclerotia diseases . Botanical Newspaper: 377-474.
  • (1887): Comparative Morphology and Biology of the Fungi, Mycetozoa, and Bacteria .
  • (1888): Species der Saprolegnieen . Botanical Newspaper: 597–653.

literature

Web links

Commons : Anton de Bary  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Anton de Bary  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Holger Krahnke: The members of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen 1751-2001 (= Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Philological-Historical Class. Volume 3, Vol. 246 = Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Mathematical-Physical Class. Episode 3, vol. 50). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2001, ISBN 3-525-82516-1 , p. 32.
  2. ^ Members of the previous academies. Heinrich Anton de Bary. Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities , accessed on February 18, 2015 .
  3. ^ Member entry by Anton de Bary (with picture) at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences , accessed on February 7, 2016.
  4. ^ Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1724: Bary, Heinrich Anton de. Russian Academy of Sciences, accessed August 31, 2019 (Russian).
  5. ^ Entry on Bary, Anton Heinrich de (1831 - 1888) in the archive of the Royal Society , London
  6. ↑ Members of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors 1857
  7. ↑ Ulrich Kutschera: Anton de Bary: founder of phytopathology, symbiosis research and pioneer of bacteriology . in: Darwiana nova - Hidden art forms in nature. , Lit-Verlag, 2011 pp. 252-256, ISBN 978-3643103789
personal data
SURNAME Bary, Anton de
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Bary, Heinrich Anton de
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German natural scientist, physician and botanist
DATE OF BIRTH January 26, 1831
PLACE OF BIRTH Frankfurt am Main
DATE OF DEATH January 19, 1888
Place of death Strasbourg