Oscar Brefeld
Julius Oscar Brefeld (born August 19, 1839 in Telgte ; † January 12, 1925 in Berlin ) was a German botanist and mycologist . Its official botanical author abbreviation is “ Bref. "
Life
After training as a pharmacist Oscar Brefeld studied in Berlin and Heidelberg pharmacy and placed in 1863, the pharmaceutical state examination. He received his doctorate in Heidelberg in 1868 on a chemical subject and went to the University of Halle as an assistant to Heinrich Anton de Bary , whom he initially held in high esteem, but later no longer accepted in many scientific views.
In 1873 Brefeld completed his habilitation in Berlin and in 1878 was appointed lecturer in botany at the Forest Academy in Eberswalde . In 1882 he was appointed full professor of botany at the University of Münster and took over the management of the botanical garden there. In 1898 he followed Ferdinand Cohn at the University of Breslau and was full professor there until 1907.
In 1898 Brefeld fell ill with glaucoma , due to which he became completely blind over the years. In 1909 he withdrew from university service for this reason and spent the last years of his life in a nursing home, but still dictated numerous publications during this time.
Like Heinrich Anton de Bary, Brefeld was one of the mycologists who dealt intensively with the development history and phylogeny of fungi in the late 19th century and created essential approaches for a phylogenetic system of fungi. In contrast to de Bary, he took the view that higher mushrooms lacked any sexuality. His merits lie in the elucidation of developmental stages in the ontogenetic cycle of many mushrooms. He dealt with dimorphism , fruiting body development and conidia formation . He published his findings between 1872 and 1912 in a book series of 15 episodes.
Brefeld developed a single-cell culture method by isolating spores that have germinated in nutrient media and laid down the conditions for the production of pure cultures (including sterilizing the nutrient media!). His sentence is well known that working without pure cultures " only nonsense and Penicillium glaucum " comes out. With his efforts, Brefeld was able for the first time to observe the development of fungi from the germinating spore.
family
Oscar Brefeld's older brother was the Prussian Minister of Commerce Ludwig Brefeld (1837–1907).
Fonts
- (1872–1881) Botanical studies on molds
- (1874) Botanical studies of molds: The history of development of Penicillium - 98 pp.
- (1877) Botanical studies on molds: Basidiomycetes I - 266 p.
- (1881) Botanical studies of yeast fungi: Die Brandpilze I - 191 p.
- (1883) Botanical investigations on yeast fungi . Continuation of the molds issue 5
- (1884–1912) Studies from the Entire Field of Mycology - 15 volumes.
- (1888) Investigations from the total area of mycology: Basidiomycetes II. Protobasidiomycetes - 178 pp.
- (1889) Investigations from the total area of mycology: Basidiomycetes III. Autobasidiomycetes and the rationale of the natural system of fungi - 305 pp.
- (1895) Investigations from the total area of mycology: Hemibasidii. Burn mushrooms III - pp. 99-236
- (1895) Investigations from the total area of mycology: Die Brandpilze II - 98 pp.
- (1905) Investigations from the whole area of mycology: Smut fungi (Hemibasidii) IV - 75 p.
- (1912) Investigations from the total area of mycology: Die Brandpilze V - 151 S.
Genera and species described by Brefeld
Brefeld described the following genera:
- Conidiobolus Brefeld : causative agent of mycoses
- Dictyostelium Brefeld
- Heterobasidion Brefeld
- Oligoporus Brefeld : Saftporling
- Polysphondylium Brefeld : Nude tamoeba
- Pyxidiophora Brefeld & von Tavel : Insect- parasitic sac fungi from the order of the Laboulbeniales
He also described the following species, among others:
- Dictyostelium mucoroides Brefeld : Nude tamoeba , is alsoassigned tothe slime mold .
- Heterobasidion annosum ( Fries ) Brefeld : A porling and, as a red rot fungus, notorious forest pest
Honor taxon
The slime mold genus Brefeldia (representative Brefeldia maxima (Fr.) Rostaf. ) From the family of Stemonitaceae has been named in his honor.
Oscar Brefeld Prize
Since 2004, the German Society for Mycology eV has awarded the Oscar Brefeld Prize, endowed with € 1,500 (as of 2014), every two years.
literature
- Karl Mägdefrau : history of botany . Gustav Fischer Verlag , Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-437-20489-0 .
- Heinrich Dörfelt, Heike Heklau: The history of mycology . Einhorn-Verlag Dietenberger, Schwäbisch Gmünd 1998, ISBN 3-927654-44-2 .
- Ilse Jahn (ed.): History of biology. Theories, methods, institutions, short biographies . Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg and Berlin, 3rd, revised and expanded edition. 2000, ISBN 3-8274-1023-1 .
Web links
- Author entry and list of the described plant names for Oscar Brefeld at the IPNI
Individual evidence
- ↑ Deutsche Apotheker-Zeitung , vol. 22 (1907), p. 145.
- ↑ Prize winner 2018: Julia Kruse Oscar Brefeld Prize on the website of the German Society for Mycology (DGfM), accessed on June 28, 2019.
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Brefeld, Oscar |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Brefeld, Julius Oscar (full name) |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | German botanist and mycologist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | August 19, 1839 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Telgte near Munster |
| DATE OF DEATH | January 12, 1925 |
| Place of death | Berlin |