Sergei Nikolajewitsch Winogradski

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Sergei Winogradsky ( Russian Сергей Николаевич Виноградский ., Scientific transliteration Sergei Nikolaevich Vinogradskij , English and Sergei Winogradsky transcribed; * 1 . Jul / 13. September  1856 greg. In Kiev , Russian Empire ; † 24. February 1953 in Brie-Comte- Robert near Paris ) was a Russian microbiologist and plant physiologist .

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He studied from 1881 to 1884 natural sciences at the University of Saint Petersburg with chemist Nikolai A. Menschutkin and plant physiologist Andrei S. Faminzyn . From 1885 he worked at the University of Strasbourg with the botanist Anton de Bary . Winogradski was professor at the Imperial Institute for Experimental Medicine (IEM) in Saint Petersburg from 1891 and at the Pasteur Institute in Paris from 1922 . In 1902 he became a corresponding member of the Académie des sciences and in 1924 a foreign member . He was admitted to the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences in 1932.

Winogradski discovered chemolithotrophy in 1887 by examining the sulfur-oxidizing bacteria Beggiatoa in the Winogradsky column . He thus formulated the concept of geochemically active bacteria for the first time, which are able to oxidize inorganic compounds and derive energy from these reactions and build up cell mass. In 1890 he was the first to isolate nitrifying bacteria in pure culture and recognized that two different organ seeds ( Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter ) are involved in the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate . In 1895 he provided evidence of nitrogen fixation from the air in a culture of Clostridium pasteurianum for the first time .

Winogradski developed (independently of Martinus W. Beijerinck ) the principle of enrichment culture ("elective culture" in his words). Together with Beijerinck and his students, he paved the way for non-medical microbiology (the so-called " Delft School of Microbiology"). In contrast to Beijerinck, Winogradski only trained the Russian microbiologist Vasily L. Omeljanski , who spread Winogradski's method in Russia and the Soviet Union.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ List of former members since 1666: Letter W. Académie des sciences, accessed on March 16, 2020 (French).
  2. ^ Past Members: SN Winogradsky (1856-1953). Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences, accessed March 16, 2020 .
  3. Georgi A. Zavarzin: Sergei N. Winogradsky and the Discovery of chemo synthesis. In: Autotrophic Bacteria, Hans G. Schlegel and Botho Bowien (eds.). Brock / Springer Series in Contemporary Bioscience 42. Madison, WI; Berlin; New York: Science Tech Publ, 1989. pp. 17-32 ISBN 978-0-910239-22-6
  4. ^ A b Hans G. Schlegel: History of microbiology . In: Benno Parthier (Ed.): Acta Historica Leopoldina . 2nd Edition. No. 28 . Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Stuttgart, Halle (Saale) 2004, ISBN 3-8047-2086-2 , p. 66-75 .
  5. Martin Dworkin, David Gutnick: Sergei Winogradsky: a founder of modern microbiology and the first microbial ecologist . In: FEMS Microbiology Reviews . tape 36 , no. 2 , March 1, 2012, ISSN  0168-6445 , p. 364–379 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1574-6976.2011.00299.x ( oup.com [accessed April 13, 2020]).