Apostle Credo

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St. Vitus Church Gärtringen, Apostle Credo cycle, wall painting on the south wall of the choir, around 1660

With Acts Credo , also Acts-Credo ( lat. Credo Apostolorum ) is in the history of art , the visual or figurative representation of the Apostolic creed designated (lat Credo.); each of the twelve apostles is assigned one of the twelve beliefs. It is mainly found on the walls of late medieval churches. The apostle's credo on the lower gallery parapet of the Evangelical Church of Weiterode in East Hesse, whose interior in the style of the East Hessian peasant baroque dates from the period between 1720 and 1730, is unusual, but does not violate the reformed ban on images due to the pictorial theme . It can also be found in the original gallery painting, created soon after 1730, in the Protestant church in Ausbach near Hersfeld.

Emergence

The idea that the apostles had compiled the sentences of the Apostles' Creed is found for the first time around 400 in a text by the early Christian author Rufinus of Aquileia . In texts of the 6th century, exactly one sentence was assigned to each individual apostle. Legends later emerged that they should have made the assignment themselves before they separated after the Pentecost miracle and set out from Jerusalem to spread the Christian faith into the world.

Apostle assignment

One of the common assignments of beliefs in the depiction of the Apostles' Creed goes back to a legend text from the end of the 15th century, written by the medieval preacher and author Pelbartus . This makes the following assignment:

apostle Belief
Peter Credo in unum Deum, ... (I believe in God, ...)
John Et in Jesus Christ, ... (and in Jesus Christ, ...)
James the Elder Qui conceptus est de Spiritu Sancto, ... (who is received from the Holy Spirit, ...)
Andreas Passus sub Pontio Pilato, ... (suffered under Pontius Pilatus, ...)
Philip Descendit ad inferna (descended into the realm of death)
Thomas Tertia die resurrexit a mortuis (Risen from the dead on the third day)
Bartholomew Ascendit in caelos, ... (ascended to heaven, ...)
Matthew Inde venturus est iudicare vivos ... (from there he will come to judge the living ...)
James the Younger Credo in spiritum sanctum (I believe in the Holy Spirit)
Simon Zelotes Sanctam ecclesiam catholicam, ... (the Holy Catholic Church, ...)
Jude Squidward remissionem peccatorum (the forgiveness of sins)
Matthias carnis resurrectionem, ... (resurrection of the flesh, ...)

Apostle prophet creed

It is not uncommon to find apostle-prophet-creed representations in which prophets and apostles proclaim the beliefs together. The twelve apostles as representatives of the New Testament are given an equal number of prophets from the Old Testament . The following assignment can be found, for example:

apostle Belief Linked prophets Biblical reference
Peter I believe in God, ... Moses, Jeremiah "In the beginning God created heaven and earth" ( Gen 1,1  EU );
"It is he who created the earth in his power, who in his wisdom founded the mainland and in his insight spread out the heavens" ( Jer 51.15  EU );
Andreas And to Jesus Christ, ... David "The Lord said to me: You are my son" ( Ps 2,7  EU );
James the Elder Who is received from the Holy Spirit ... Isaiah "See, the young girl will conceive and bear a son" ( Isa 7:14  EU );
John Suffered under Pontius Pilate ... Habakkuk, Zechariah, Daniel “Rays spring from his hands; that is the concealing shell of his power ”( Hab 3,4  EU );
"They will look at him whom they have pierced" ( Zech 12,10  EU );
Thomas Down in the realm of the dead ... Jonah, Hosea "I knew that you are a just and merciful God" ( Jonah 4,2  EU );
“I want to redeem them from the power of the realm of the dead (Sheol), free them from death. Where are your plagues, O death, where your plague, Sheol "(? Hos 13,14  EU );
James the Younger Ascended to heaven ... Amos "He builds his Söller in heaven" ( Amos 9,6  EU );
Philip From where he will come ... Joel, Malachi, Wisdom, Zephaniah "There I gather all the peoples and bring them into the valley of Jehoshaphat and speak with them there" ( Joel 4,2  EU );
"Then I come to you at the court and will appear as a surprising plaintiff" ( Mal 3.5  EU );
"The Spirit of the Lord fills the world" ( Weish 1,7  EU );
Bartholomew I believe in the Holy Spirit; Amos, Joel "He builds his Söller in heaven" ( Amos 9,6  EU );
"After that I will pour out my spirit on all flesh" ( Joel 3: 1  EU ).
Matthew A holy, universal church ... Zephaniah, Micah "For then I will make the lips of the peoples pure, so that they may all call on the name of the Lord and serve him in the same yoke" ( Zef 3,9  EU );
Simon The forgiveness of sins; Jeremiah, Micah, Malachi "Then if you call on me and come and pray to me, I will answer you" ( Jer 29.12  EU );
"Have mercy on us again, crush our iniquities, and throw all our sins into the depths of the sea" ( Micah 7:19  EU );
Jude Squidward The resurrection of the flesh; Ezekiel, Zechariah "I will get you out of your graves" ( Ez 37,12  EU );
Matthias And an everlasting life Daniel, Ezekiel "Many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth will wake up, some to eternal life, others to shame, to eternal shame" ( Dan 12: 2  EU ).

Representations in art (selection)

Well-known representations of the Apostles' Creed can be found in the following churches in Germany , Austria and Switzerland :

The copper engraving Holy Trinity and the Apostles with the Credo of Master ES is a well-known variation of the Apostle-Prophet-Credo.

literature

  • Ryszard Knapiński: Iconography of the Apostle James in the context of the representations of the Credo Apostolorum . In: Klaus Herbers (Ed.): The Jacobus cult in "Art" and "Literature". Evidence in images, monuments, writing and sound . Narr, Tübingen 1998, ISBN 3-8233-4009-3 , ( Jakobus-Studien 9), pp. 15-50.
  • Elga Lanc: An early priestly epitaph and a scenic apostle credo . In: Thomas Aigner (Ed.): Kollegiatstift Ardagger. Contributions to history and art history . DASP, St. Pölten 1999, ISBN 3-901863-03-6 , ( Contributions to the Church History of Lower Austria 3), ( Supplements to St. Pölten Diözesanblatt 20), pp. 253-273.
  • Beate Meier: Studies on the Apostle Credo cycle in the Regensburg Minorite Church of St. Salvator . Regensburg 1994, (Regensburg, Univ., Master's thesis, 1994).
  • Susanne Wegmann: The Apostle's Credo in the Nuremberg Lorenz Church. A contribution to the history of furnishings in the early 15th century . In: Mitteilungen des Verein für Geschichte der Stadt Nürnberg 89, 2002, ISSN  0083-5579 , pp. 7-19, online .

Web links

Commons : Apostles with lines of text from the Apostles' Creed  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Evangelical Church of Kurhessen and Waldeck (ed.): Evangelical peasant baroque churches in East Hesse . 2015, p. 14 ( kirchen-paedagogik.de ).
  2. ↑ Rufin: Exposure symbolizes . In: Rufinus: Opera , ed. Manlius Simonetti, CSEL 20. Turnhout 1961; German: Library of the Church Fathers I / 13, Kempten 1876, pp. 21–22 ( online )
  3. ↑ cf. Klaus Herbers, Robert Plötz: The St. James cult in art and literature. Tübingen 1998, p. 17f.
  4. ↑ Pelbartus: Pomerium de sanctis, Pars aestivalis Sermo XXVII .: Item in divisionis apostolorum festo. Sermo, late 15th century
  5. ↑ Church of St. Magdalena, 2nd third of the 14th century. Example image ( Memento of the original from December 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bda.at
  6. ↑ inschriften.net
  7. ^ Mylène Ruoss and Barbara Giesecke: The glass paintings in the Gothic House in Wörlitz. Text and attachments . Berlin 2012, p. 75-86 .
  8. ↑ Museums Maur (ed.): Maurmer Church Stories. Five hundred years of the Maur church . Explanations of the exhibition in the Kunstkammer in Burg Maur, March 19, 2011 to September 2, 2012. 2011, p. 3 ( kirchemaur.ch [PDF; accessed on April 26, 2018]).