Arnulf I. (Bavaria)

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The Duchy of Bavaria in the 10th century

Arnulf I. called "the bad one" († July 14, 937 in Regensburg ) was Duke of Bavaria since 907 . He came from the Luitpoldinger family . Arnulf was the son of Margrave Luitpold and Kunigunde , sister of Berchthold I , Count Palatine of Swabia .

Arnulf, Duke and King of Bavaria

Duke Arnulf was able to build on the foundations of power in Bavaria that his father Luitpold had laid and soon afterwards assumed the title of duke. He was able to rely on the support of the Bavarian nobility. The following was recorded in the great Salzburg yearbooks: “The Bavarians voluntarily pay homage to Duke Arnulf and instruct him to rule in the empire.” Arnulf's most important task was to prevent the repeated raids of the Magyars far into Bavaria. A weak, helpless imperial authority offered no protection against the Hungarian cavalry hordes.

In the Battle of Pressburg in 907 the Bavarian army was defeated, after which Duke Arnulf had to reorganize the Bavarian army. In order to gain the necessary funds, he confiscated the church property and lent it to his vassals . For this he was later given the nickname “the bad guy”. In the battles of 909 on the Rott, 910 near Neuching and 913 on the Inn, he succeeded in pushing back the Hungarians. Duke Arnulf did not want to continue the war against the Hungarians, but tried to find a compromise with them and in 913 received contractual assurance from them that they would no longer invade Bavaria.

Imperial politics

Arnulf renewed the Baier tribal duchy . At the imperial level, Arnulf pursued a policy of independence for Bavaria in internal affairs and externally vis-à-vis the German kings Konrad I and Heinrich I. Although he took part in the election of Konrad as king , Arnulf intervened in favor of the dukes of Swabia who were related to him against Konrad but led to a lengthy conflict in the course of which Arnulf temporarily fled to the Hungarians. Like Tassilo, Duke Arnulf had to fight back against increasing imperial centralism. In the so-called “ Fragmentum de Arnulfo duce Bavariae ”, a price publication on the Duke of Bavaria from around 919/20, it says: “So this Saxon Heinerich invaded the kingdom (sic?) Of Bavaria, where no one of his ancestors was seen who would have had even a foot's breadth of ground, and so I believe that God himself arranged it, that he was defeated by the inhabitants of a single city and had to leave with many losses. "

After Konrad's death, Arnulf returned to the Bavarian royal seat of Regensburg in 918 with Hungarian help . There he had parts of the existing walls of the Roman legionary camp Castra Regina demolished and the protected area of ​​the city expanded by building a new city ​​fortification . The new city wall with three gate towers enclosed newly developed settlement areas in the west and north and also the monastery of Sankt Emmeram. The building of the wall was a contribution to the establishment of a position that was largely independent of the central power and was like a king. In research it has not yet been clarified whether Arnulf was proclaimed anti -king after the death of Konrad ( Annales Iuvavenses Maximi to the year 920: "Baiuarii sponte se reddiderunt Arnolfo duci et regnare ei fecerunt in regno teutonicorum" ) or aspired to a special Bavarian kingship. In the Treaty of Regensburg 921, however, Arnulf recognized Heinrich's sovereignty after fighting with Heinrich. In return, Heinrich approved Arnulf's independent rule, which included the appointment of bishops (for example Starchand in Eichstätt), the convening of synods and the exercise of actual regalia (coinage, customs duties). In foreign policy, he submitted Bohemia and (but failed) tried in an Italian expedition 933/934 the Langobardenkrone for his son Eberhard gain after the Lombard aristocracy they had offered him.

Arnulf was buried in the St. Emmeram monastery in Regensburg . According to the Handbook of Bavarian History from 2017, “the grave is unknown”. A memorial plaque for him was placed in the Walhalla near Regensburg.

progeny

Arnulf was married to Judith von Friuli , daughter of Count Eberhard im Sülichgau (from the Unruochinger family ) and Gisela von Verona. His descendants were:

  • Eberhard (* around 912, † around 940), 937–938 Duke of Bavaria
  • Arnulf (* around 913, † July 22, 954), Count Palatine of Bavaria
  • Hermann († 954)
  • Heinrich
  • Ludwig (* around 930, † after 974)
  • Judith († after 984), ∞ Heinrich I , brother of Otto the Great
  • Berthold I of Schweinfurt
  • Adelheid

literature

Remarks

  1. ↑ Hubensteiner: Bayerische Geschichte , Rosenheimer Verlagshaus, 17th edition 2009, pp. 72–73.
  2. ^ Hubensteiner: Bayerische Geschichte , Rosenheimer Verlagshaus, 17th edition 2009, p. 73.
  3. ^ Karl Bauer: Regensburg Art, Culture and Everyday History . 6th edition. MZ-Buchverlag in H. Gietl Verlag & Publication Service GmbH, Regenstauf 2014, ISBN 978-3-86646-300-4 , p. 533 ff .
  4. ↑ Konrad Schottmüller: The emergence of the tribal duchy of Baiern at the end of the Carolingian period . Berlin 1868.
predecessor Office successor
Ludwig the child Duke of Bavaria
907-937 		Eberhard
personal data
SURNAME Arnulf I.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Arnulf the Evil
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Duke of Bavaria
DATE OF BIRTH 9th century
DATE OF DEATH July 14, 937
Place of death regensburg