as-Sābiqūn

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As-Sābiqūn ( Arabic السابقون 'The previous ones') is a group of people mentioned in two places in the Koran who play an important role in Islamic thought.

Koranic statements

The group of the Sābiqūn meets for the first time in a sura from the early Meccan period and is positively opposed to the right and left as the “close ones” ( al-muqarrabūn ) ( Sura 56 : 8-11). The term remains a mystery.

In the second place, which dates from the late Medinan period, a connection with the companions of the prophets is made. God, it is explained, took pleasure in the "first preceding" ( as-sābiqūn al-awwalūn ) of the emigrants and helpers and those who follow them and prepared them gardens of bliss ( Sura 9 : 100).

As-Sābiqūn al-auwalūn with Ibn Hishām

From the Koranic statements it has been deduced that as-Sābiqūn al-auwalūn must be the earliest followers of the Prophet. Ibn Hisham mentions in his biography of the Prophet total of 53 persons this group to, namely 'Alī ibn Abi Talib , Muhammad's slave Zaid ibn Haritha, Abu Bakr , Uthman , Zubayr ibn al-Awam , Abdur Rahman bin Awf , ibn Sa'd Abī Waqqās and Talha ibn ʿUbaidallāh as the first eight Muslims, but also the following group of people, which comprises a total of 45 people:

1) Abū ʿUbaida ibn al-Jarrāh ; 2) Abū Salama ; 3) al-Arqam ibn Abī l-Arqam ; 4) ʿUthmān ibn Mazʿūn; 5) Qudāma ibn Mazʿūn; 6) ʿAbdallāh ibn Mazʿūn; 7) ʿUbaida ibn al-Hārith; 8) Saʿīd ibn al-Zaid with his wife; 9) Fātima bint al-Chattāb; 10) Asmā 'bint Abī Bakr ; 11) ʿĀ'isha bint Abī Bakr ; 12) Chabbāb ibn al-Aratt ; 13) Umair ibn Abī l-Waqqās; 14) ʿAbdallāh ibn Masʿūd ; 15) Masʿūd ibn al-Qāri '; 16) Salīth ibn ʿAmr; 17) Hathīb ibn ʿAmr; 18) ʿAiyāsch ibn Rabīʿa; 19) Asmā 'bint Salāma; 20) Chunais ibn Hudhāfa; 21) ʿĀmir ibn Rabīʿa; 22) Abdallah ibn Jahsh ; 23) Abu Ahmad ibn Jahsch; 24) Jafar ibn Abī Tālib ; 25) Asmā 'bint ʿUmais, his wife; 26) Hāthib ibn al-Hārith; 27) Fātima bint al-Mujallal, his wife; 28) Chattāb ibn al-Hārith, brother of Hāthib; 29) Fukaiha bint Yassār, his wife; 30) Maʿmar ibn al-Harith; 31) Sā'ib, the son of ʿUthmān ibn Mazʿūn; 32) al-Muthallib ibn Azhar; 33) Ramla bint Abī ʿ Auf, his wife; 34) an-Nahhām Nuʿaim ibn ʿAbdallāh; 35) ʿĀmir ibn Fuhaira, a freed slave of Abu Bakr; 36) Chālid ibn Saʿīd ; 37) Umaina bint Chalaf, his wife; 38) Abū Hudhaifa Mihscham ibn ʿUtba; 39) Wāqid ibn ʿAbdallāh; 40) Chālid ibn Bukair; 41) ʿĀmir ibn Bukair; 42) ʿAqīl ibn Bukair; 43) Iyās ibn Bukair; 44) ʿAmmār ibn Yāsir; 45) Suhaib ar-Rūmī .

As-Sābiqūn in the Shia

In the Shia , the term as-Sābiqūn is related to the Prophet Mohammed , the Imams and Fatima bint Mohammed , who are understood as pre-existing beings who are the first to answer God's question, "Am I not your Lord?" ( a-lastu bi-rabbi-kum ; Sura 7 : 172) answered. The angels are also instructed to prostrate themselves to this group of people.

In Babism , which emerged from the Twelve Shia , the term is used for 18 pupils of Bab , who together with him form the so-called "letters of the living" ( hurūf al-hayy ).

literature

  • Asma Afsaruddin: "Medieval Islamic Discourse on Legitimate Leadership and Its Modern Implications" in The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 20 (2003) 80-94.
  • D. MacEoin: Art. "As-Sābiḳūn" in The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition Vol. VIII, pp. 678b-679a.
  • Miklos Muranyi : The comrades of the prophets in early Islamic history . Bonn 1973. pp. 32-40.
  • Miklos Muranyi: The first Muslims of Mecca - the social basis of a new religion? In: Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 8 (1986) 25–35.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Cf. Angelika Neuwirth : Frühmekkanische Suren. Poetic prophecy. Berlin 2011. p. 631.
  2. ↑ Cf. Theodor Nöldeke: History of the Qoran. Volume I. Leipzig 1909. p. 224.
  3. ↑ Cf. Ibn Hischām: Kitāb Sīrat Rasūl Allāh from d. Hs. On Berlin, Leipzig, Gotha a. Leyden ed. by Ferdinand Wüstenfeld. 2 vols. Göttingen 1858-59. S. 162. Digitized version The list is also used in Leone Caetani: Annali dell'Islam . Volume 1. Milan 1905. pp. 236f. reproduced digitized .
  4. ↑ See McEoin.
  5. ↑ Cf. Heinz Halm: The Islamic Gnosis. The Extreme Schia and the Alawites . Zurich-Munich 1982. p. 160.
  6. ↑ See McEoin.