at-Tauba
At-Tauba ( Arabic التوبة, DMG at-Tauba 'Reversal') is the 9th sura of the Koran , it contains 129 verses . After the first word of the sura it is sometimes also called al-Barāʾa ( declaration of innocence, denunciation, acquittal). The sura is one of the parts of the Qur'an that was fully revealed in Medina after the conquest of Mecca at the beginning of the year 630; Muslim commentators generally think of 631.
This sura is the only one in the Koran that does not begin with the Basmala formula. To explain this fact it is stated, among other things, that the companions of Muhammad did not agree on whether Suras 8 and 9 were independent of each other or whether they formed a unit.
The first part of the sura, up to verse 37, regulates the relations between Muslims and polytheists as well as Christians and Jews. The beginning of the fifth verse, known as the sword verse , has been used in Islamic law and in classical Koranic exegesis as a legal justification for armed jihad .
The second part consists of verses 38 to 127 and relates to the expedition against the Tabuk oasis in the north of the Arabian Peninsula , which took place in 630 under Mohammed's leadership. The last two verses seem to be a holdover from the Meccan period, which were added here afterwards when the official edition was edited.
In Theodor Nöldeke's chronology of the parts of the Koran , which is largely accepted as reliable in Western Islamic studies to this day, sura 9 appears in the penultimate position.
See also
Individual evidence
- ^ Adel Theodor Khoury : The Koran. Translated and commented by Adel Theodor Khoury. Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 2007, ISBN 978-3-579-08023-9 , p. 219.
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The Koran | Next sura: Yunus |
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