ARD program for foreigners

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Italian immigrant family with radio (1962)

The ARD's foreigner program consists of radio broadcasts and programs in foreign languages ​​from the ARD broadcasters, which have originally been aimed at migrants in Germany since the 1960s . In addition to the general reporting, the programs should serve to maintain contact with the home country, "as a guide for a possible return". Today an integrative goal is pursued with the relevant offers .

The foreigner program is not to be confused with the international broadcasting , which was operated by Deutsche Welle and, until the 1990s, partly also by Deutschlandfunk . These German and foreign language programs were always aimed at listeners abroad.

history

The beginnings

When the so-called guest workers began to immigrate to the Federal Republic of Germany, the ARD stations included radio broadcasts in the immigrants' native languages ​​in their programs. The oldest broadcast of this kind is the Mezz'Ora Italiana , which was first broadcast in Italian on October 21, 1961 by Saarland Radio . Today she can be heard on the weekend in the Antenne Saar program . In addition to the SR, Bayerischer Rundfunk and Westdeutsche Rundfunk also produced programs in foreign languages. The first Turkish broadcast from Cologne Radyosu was on November 2, 1964.

The joint “guest worker program” 1964–2002

Since 1964 there has been a daily guest worker program produced by the BR and the WDR and taken over by all other institutions, except for the MDR and the ORB , in whole or in part in the evening and at the weekend. Since 1999 the broadcaster Free Berlin has also participated in the production. At the beginning, the then newly introduced third radio programs were broadcast. The broadcasts started at 7 p.m. and lasted until around 10 p.m. It was broadcast in Italian, Greek and Turkish as well as in the Yugoslav languages ​​in varying lengths. Initially, the Italian broadcasts on WDR were only fifteen minutes long, later the editions in all languages ​​were extended to 45 minutes each, later 40 minutes.

The programs competed with the Eastern European programs for migrant workers, which were broadcast by Radio Berlin International , Radio Prague , Radio Warsaw and Radio Budapest . These were also easier to receive for most of those affected because they were broadcast on medium wave and most had no FM radio. The medium wave should not be "blocked" with foreign-language programs that are "uninteresting" for West German listeners, which is why they were broadcast on the new VHF frequencies.

Beyond Germany, the programs were often an important source of information for the respective home countries and sometimes led to diplomatic entanglements, for example the Spanish programs during Franco's time or the Greek programs during the dictatorship there . In 1972, due to massive political and economic pressure, the relocation of guest worker programs to Deutschlandfunk was discussed. Political commentary in Spanish and Greek was suspended.

Studies had shown that the reach among the target group was temporarily high; In the broadcasting area of ​​the WDR about half of all native Turks heard the broadcasts from Cologne Radyosu . In the mid-1970s, many switched on the programs, which were mainly about practical life support up to German labor law and social policy, several times a week. The unions praised the programs. In the 1990s, however, a turning point was reached with the advent of direct satellite reception and the availability of foreign channels on cable television, as well as the advance of private television . In 1996, only around three percent of North Rhine-Westphalian Turks regularly tuned in to WDR's Turkish programs. With the increase in format radio broadcasts were pushed more and more to medium-wave broadcasters , which further weakened their acceptance. When the broadcasts were discontinued by Hessischer Rundfunk in 2010, the audience ratings were “no longer measurable”. At some broadcasters, the broadcasts were integrated into the newly established intercultural programs Radio Multikulti (RBB) and Funkhaus Europa (WDR, Radio Bremen ). The joint ARD program for foreigners ended in 2002.

Incidentally, these changes also affected the foreigner programs on German television during this period. The broadcasters reacted several times at short notice by reforming their formats. Major changes occurred in the period after the fall of the Wall in 1989/1990, when the previous asylum debate had led to a number of racist riots and crimes, for example in Hoyerswerda , Rostock-Lichtenhagen and Mölln . This should be counteracted with integrative and multicultural content. The ZDF changed the concept and design of its weekly program "Neighbors in Europe" several times since 1983 and took over news reports from foreign partner stations directly. Since 1992 the program has been called "Neighbors - A Magazine for Foreigners and Germans". The format was withdrawn from the program in 1998. In the ARD there were also major reforms from the program “Ihr Heimat - Unser Heimat” to the WDR magazine “Babylon” and the talk show “Vetro - Café mit Weitblick”, both of which were replaced in 2003 by Cosmo TV .

Integration as a "cross-sectional task" since 2003

Event of Funkhaus Europa at the Protestant Church Congress in Bremen (2009)

Since 2003 it has been up to the individual state broadcasters to decide which radio programs they offer in foreign languages. Since then, multicultural editorial offices and priority programs have been typical in the waves of information. For example, Südwestrundfunk has an editorial team called SWR International , which delivers contributions to all radio programs and has its own broadcasts on the SWRinfo news channel . The HR produced Spanish and Greek programs until its medium-wave transmitter was switched off at the end of 2009, while the WDR contributed contributions in Italian, Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic (together with the RBB) and in South Slavic languages ​​to the exchange between the ARD stations. The North German Radio takes part shipments from the program Radio Europe . The latter is the most extensive foreign language offer of its kind on ARD. It has been produced by WDR together with Radio Bremen since 1998. Radio Multikulti , launched four years earlier by RBB, was discontinued at the end of 2008; since then, the RBB has also been involved in Funkhaus Europa and has taken over the program for its broadcasting area. Since 2015, a Refugee Radio has been produced by Funkhaus Europa , which provides news in English and Arabic for refugees in Germany .

These programs, which since then have been aimed not only at foreign listeners but also at Germans and broadcast around the clock, were intended to respond to the changes in society. They therefore serve the integration of all population groups and ethnic groups . This goal could not be achieved with purely foreign language broadcasts, they "do not serve the integration, because they do not promote German language skills", it was said about the Hessischer Rundfunk 2010. The background was a decision of the ARD directors from 2006 to allow integration to do a “cross-sectional task” that should be reflected in the entire program. In addition, migrants should increasingly be won over as moderators, so that they “appear as self-evident actors and responsible, as experts and discussion participants in talk rounds and fiction formats - regardless of a foreign-specific context.” Since then, the focus is no longer on radio, but on television .

This change is based on a series of studies from media research . The study “Migranten und Medien 2007”, which was carried out by ARD and ZDF, showed that only 47 percent of migrants and Germans with a migrant background over the age of 14 listen to the radio every day, compared to 84 percent of the German adults. The duration of use of the radio also differed significantly: foreigners only listened to an average of 102 minutes a day, while Germans used it for 221 minutes. In contrast, there are no statistically significant differences for the use of television and the Internet . Radio usage was lowest among people of Turkish origin (22 percent radio listeners), while it was highest among Poles at 72 percent. The reasons for these differences have not been investigated, but there are indications from the observations: About a quarter of all migrant households in the study had no radio at all. For North Rhine-Westphalia there was a decline in radio usage when domestic-language television stations began to be fed into the analogue and chargeable cable networks. But there are also traditional reasons: in the countries of origin, too, people generally watch more television, and radio use is less intensive than in Germany. In addition, music from home countries is more likely to be heard on CDs, DVDs, and the Internet than on the radio. Household size also plays an important role, as it is on average twice as large in migrant households as in German households. The use of radio decreases with the number of people in the household. German broadcasters were used more intensively than offers in the native language, and the more so, the higher the level of education. The results were confirmed in subsequent studies. The more recent surveys differ from the older ones mainly in terms of the degree of sophistication with which the population groups and their habits are described.

In 2015, WDR and NDR launched the radio show Refugee Radio , a program with Arabic and English-language news for refugees.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Gualtiero Zambonini: Media and Integration. The ARD way: from the “guest worker” program to a cross-cutting task . In: ARD-Jahrbuch 09. pp. 87–94, 88. 2009. Retrieved on December 7, 2013.
  2. ↑ Unless otherwise stated, the description of the story follows the ABC of ARD : Ausländerprogramm . In: ABC of ARD. February 23, 2012. Accessed December 7, 2013. Also: Gualtiero Zambonini: Media and Integration. The ARD way: from the “guest worker” program to a cross-cutting task . In: ARD-Jahrbuch 09. pp. 87-94, passim. 2009, ISSN  0066-5746 .
  3. ↑ In the evening the song from home. Guest workers in the Federal Republic listen to Radio Prague . In: The time. No. 2 January 7, 1966. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
  4. ^ Otto Koehler: Radio Cohn-Bendit . In: Der Spiegel. No. 17/1969, p. 202.
  5. ↑ Publication expenditure . In: Der Spiegel. No. 45/1976. Pp. 161–182, 166: “The majority of Greek guest workers lived in Germany, the majority of whom were anti-junta. Criticism came from Germany that also hurt the colonels at home: the Greek service of Deutsche Welle, which millions of Greeks heard like Germans during the war, the BBC, the Greek guest worker programs of the Bavarian radio and the television evenings for foreigners of the third WDR Program, influenced by the opponents of the regime Pavlos Bakojannis and Basil Mathiopoulos. “- Pavlos Bakojannis was the director of the Greek guest worker programs at Bavarian Broadcasting: Professional: Pavlos Bakojannis . In: Der Spiegel. No. 49/1974. P. 188.
  6. ↑ In circles . In: Der Spiegel. No. 37/1972. Pp. 70f., 71.
  7. ↑ Pavlos Bakojannis: guest worker programs: Censorship in the ether. Should a basic right be sacrificed to the pressure of foreign dictatorships and some German companies? . In: The time. No. 36. September 8, 1972. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
  8. ↑ a b Ludwig Maaßen: Hearers with homesickness. Ten years of foreign radio broadcasts . In: The time. No. 47. November 15, 1974. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
  9. ^ Josef Eckhardt: Use and evaluation of radio and television programs for foreigners . In: Media Perspektiven, No. 8/1996, pp. 451–461. Quoted from: Jörg Becker: The German-Turkish media revolution: Another seven milestones . Manuscript on the author's private homepage. Page 6 with final note 14.
  10. ↑ a b c Ferda Ataman : Endangered Homeland Hours . In: Der Tagesspiegel. November 14, 2009. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
  11. ^ Sonja Weber-Menges: Main trends in the development of ethnomedia in Germany . In: Rainer Geißler, Horst Pöttker (ed.): Integration through mass media. International comparison of media and migration / mass media integration . Media breaks. Vol. 17. Transcript Verlag. Bielefeld. 2006. ISBN 3-89942-503-0 , pp. 124ff., 131-134, passim. Quoted from the issue on Google Books . Retrieved December 7, 2013.
  12. ↑ SWR International. The specialist editorial team for migration and integration. The multicultural team in the SWR . In: SWR website. July 23, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
  13. ^ Kai Ludwig: Hessischer Rundfunk shuts down 594 kHz . In: Glenn Hauser: DX Listening Digest . No. 9-037, May 2, 2009. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
  14. ^ Kai Ludwig: As a reminder: The era of Frankfurt on mediumwave will end tonight. December 31, 2009. In: Glenn Hauser: DX Listening Digest. No. 10-01, January 6, 2010 . Retrieved December 8, 2013.
  15. ↑ Refugee Radio. In: Funkhaus Europa. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016 ; accessed on January 18, 2016 .
  16. ↑ Gualtiero Zambonini, Erk Simon: Cultural diversity and integration: The role of the media . In: Media Perspektiven. No. 3/2008. Pp. 120-124, 122.
  17. ^ Ekkehardt Oehmichen: Use of radio by migrants . In: Media Perspektiven. No. 9/2007. Pp. 452-460, passim.
  18. ↑ On the Sinus study "Migrant Milieus in Germany 2008": Walter Klingler, Albrecht Kutteroff: Importance and use of the media in migrant milieus . In: Media Perspektiven. No. 6/2009. Pp. 297-308, 303ff.
  19. ↑ On the study “Migrants and Media 2011”: Gerhard Kloppenburg, Lothar Mai: Radio use of migrants . In: Media Perspektiven. No. 10/2011. Pp. 471-478, passim.
  20. ↑ Refugee Radio: WDR and NDR broadcast news for refugees. In: radioszene.de. September 18, 2015, accessed February 28, 2016 .