Barbarian state

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Carte de la Barbarie de la Nigritie et de La Guinée : Map of the Barbarian Coast, Sudan and Guinea - Map from 1707

As Barbary States , the States were in as the 16th and early 19th century barbarism designated region, including the Sultanate of Morocco and the Ottoman regencies Algiers , Tunis and Tripoli , respectively. The main source of income for the barbarian states was piracy and the associated kidnapping , slave trade and ransom , which is why these states were also referred to as pirate or pirate states. According to modern estimates, around 1.25 million people were enslaved in the barbarian states between 1530 and 1780, most of them through raids on the coasts of Italy, Spain and Portugal. The number is roughly one tenth of the transatlantic slave trade . The classification as a pirate state was decisive for the question of international law as to whether the rules of international martial law should apply to it or not.

history

After the Spaniards had conquered the last Muslim kingdom in Western Europe with the Emirate of Granada in 1492 , Moriscos who had fled from Spain settled in the Maghreb. Together with local Arabs and Moors, they equipped large fleets and began a permanent war against the Christian Mediterranean powers, especially against their shipping and coasts, as corsairs from their base in North Africa . Piracy , which had been widespread in the Mediterranean region for centuries, experienced a huge boom. The barbares soon advanced into the power vacuum that resulted from the persistent phase of weakness of the regional Muslim ruling dynasties ( Merinids , Wattasids in Morocco, Abdalwadids [Zay (y) anids] in Algeria , Hafsids in Tunisia ). Torn by internal power struggles and conflicts with restless Bedouin and Berber tribes, these had slipped into a state of state disintegration.

The raids of the Muslim corsairs over the next centuries led to the coasts of Ireland (1631) and even Iceland (1627), where they abducted inhabitants from coastal villages and towns and later sold them as slaves . The most frequent target of the slave raids, however, were the coasts of Italy , Spain and Portugal . All barbarian states (and their powerful fleets) soon came under the control of the Ottoman Empire . The Ottoman expansion took place partly through conquest and partly through voluntary submission. In 1518, for example, the most famous corsair leader, Khair ad-Din Barbarossa , submitted to the protection of the Sultan as soon as he forcibly rose to become ruler of Algiers. He became the overlord of North Africa (with the exception of Morocco) around the middle of the 16th century. Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli were formally Ottoman provinces, but became effectively independent again at the beginning of the 18th century.

Already at this time, the ongoing state of war with the Christian-Western states could only be justified religiously with difficulty ( jihad ). Rather, this permanent state served as the formal legitimacy of international law in the war allowed privateering ; After all, piracy was their most important source of income until the fall of the barbarian states in the 19th century. That is why there were repeated European and later US interventions.

A marginal event of this conflict was the peace treaty between the young United States and the Islamic Tripoli in 1797. Its historical significance lies in the fact that the United States stated in the text of the treaty (Article 11) that the United States government “is not in any way based on the Christian religion is based ", which was an unprecedented innovation in the European cultural area at the time. This text of the treaty, ratified by the US Senate, is still used today by secular-minded Americans against the weakening of the separation of church and state .

Wars and military operations against the barbarian states

The Barbarian Wars only came to an end with the French conquest of Algeria in 1830, as France also forced its new neighbors Tunis and Tripoli to give up piracy

Conflicts of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries between European naval powers and the barbarian corsairs usually culminated in the shelling of Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli by European war fleets, the destruction of the pirate fleets in these ports and the forced release of European slaves and hostages. English, French and Dutch ships bombed Tripoli ten times between 1655 and 1727, before the French destroyed the city and almost the entire Tripolitan fleet in the bombardment of 1728 . The British, Dutch and French navies appeared twice before Tripoli between 1661 and 1665 alone. Tunis was the target of French, Venetian and Spanish attacks six times between 1661 and 1792. Algiers was attacked six times by the English and French navies between 1622 and 1688 and six times by the Dutch between 1662 and 1729. Between 1770 and 1773 the Danes appeared three times, from 1775 to 1784 the Spaniards three times before Algiers. In 1816 a British-Dutch squadron destroyed the Algerian fleet in the port when it bombed Algiers . The USA, Portugal, Naples-Sicily, Sardinia and Malta also undertook punitive expeditions.

Occasionally the wars against Moroccan corsairs are counted among the naval operations. The parallel and almost simultaneously ending wars of the British on the pirate coast (1801, 1809, 1818 and finally 1819 destruction of the pirate fleet in the port of Ra's al-Khaimah ) and on the Arabian Sea (occupation of Aden in 1839 ) are not included.

The piracy from the barbarian states ended only after

  • In 1827 France began to block the port of Algiers
  • 1830 France conquered Algeria
  • In 1835 the Ottoman Empire placed Tunis and Tripoli under stronger direct administration.
  • In 1844 France also forced Morocco to stop pirate activities

Overview of the military conflicts

In the interest of a functioning sortability of the table, England and Great Britain have been combined under "England / Great Britain".

year Sea power Barbarian state annotation
1620-1621 England / Great Britain Algiers
1622 England / Great Britain Algiers
1655 England / Great Britain Algiers
1661 France Algiers
1661-1667 Spain Algiers
1662 Netherlands Algiers
1663 France Algiers
1665 France Algiers
1669 Netherlands Algiers
1670 Netherlands Algiers joint intervention with England
1670 England / Great Britain Algiers joint intervention with the Netherlands
1670-1672 England / Great Britain Algiers
1672-1673 Spain Algiers
1679-1680 Netherlands Algiers
1681-1682 England / Great Britain Algiers
1682 France Algiers Bombing of Algiers
1683-1684 France Algiers Bombing of Algiers from July 26th to 27th, 1683, followed by a blockade
1683 Spain Tripoli
1685 France Tripoli
1687-1688 France Algiers
1689-1694 Spain Algiers
1708-1709 Spain Algiers Algerians conquer the Spanish base of Oran
1715-1729 Netherlands Algiers
1732 Spain Algiers Spaniards recapture Oran
1770 Denmark Algiers
1772 Denmark Algiers
1773 Denmark Algiers
1774-1777 Venice Tunis Bombardment of Sousse, Bizerta and La Goulette
1775 Spain Algiers
1783 Spain Algiers
1784 Spain Algiers joint intervention with Malta, Naples-Sicily and Portugal
1784 Portugal Algiers joint intervention with Malta, Naples-Sicily and Spain
1784 Malta Algiers joint intervention with Portugal, Naples-Sicily and Spain
1784 Naples-Sicily Algiers joint intervention with Malta, Spain and Portugal
1788 England / Great Britain Morocco Blockade of the ports of Tetouan and Larache
1791-1792 Spain Algiers Algerians recapture Oran
1805 France Algiers Jérôme Bonaparte forces the release of French and Italian hostages, template for The Italian in Algiers
1812-1815 United States Algiers American-Algerian War
1816 Netherlands Algiers joint intervention with Great Britain, bombing of Algiers
1816 England / Great Britain Algiers joint intervention with the Netherlands, bombing of Algiers
1824 England / Great Britain Algiers British blockade of Algiers
1827-1830 France Algiers Blockade and conquest of Algiers, Bone and Oran
1609 Spain Tunis joint intervention with France
1609 France Tunis joint intervention with Spain
1661-1667 Spain Tunis
1666 France Tunis
1670-1672 France Tunis
1682-1692 Venice Tunis
1741-1742 France Tunis
1768-1770 France Tunis
1784-1786 Venice Tunis Bombardment of Sousse, Sfax and La Goulette
1789-1792 Venice Tunis
1800 Denmark Tunis
1818 France Tunis joint intervention with Great Britain
1818 England / Great Britain Tunis joint intervention with France
1655 England / Great Britain Tripoli
1661 France Tripoli joint intervention with Venice and Malta
1661 Venice Tripoli joint intervention with France and Malta
1661 Malta Tripoli joint intervention with Venice and France
1662 Netherlands Tripoli
1663 England / Great Britain Tripoli
1670 Netherlands Tripoli
1675-1676 England / Great Britain Tripoli The English lead the Tripolitan fleet away.
1680-1681 France Tripoli
1685 France Tripoli
1715 Netherlands Tripoli
1716 England / Great Britain Tripoli
1728-1729 France Tripoli Bombing of Tripoli (1728)
1731 France Tripoli
1797 Denmark Tripoli
1800-1805 United States Tripoli American-Tripolitan War
1802 Sweden Tripoli Peace agreement with French mediation
1803 Netherlands Tripoli
1825 Sardinia Tripoli
1828 Naples-Sicily Tripoli
1830 France Tripoli
1629 France Morocco Bombing of Salé
1765 France Morocco Bombardment of the ports of Larache, Salé and Rabat
1828 England / Great Britain Morocco Blockade of Tangers
1829 Austria Morocco Bombardment of the cities of Larache, Asilah and Tétouan
1844 France Morocco Bombardment of the ports of Tangier and Mogador

See also

literature

  • Salvatore Bono: Pirates and Corsairs in the Mediterranean. Naval War, Trade, and Slavery from the 16th to 19th Centuries. Klett Cotta, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-608-94378-8 .
  • Stephen Clissold: The barbary slaves. Edition Elek, London 1977, ISBN 0-236-40084-3 .
  • Robert C. Davis: Christian slaves, Muslim masters. White slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500-1800. Basingstoke [u. a.] 2003.
  • Joerg M. Mössner: The international legal personality and the international legal practice of the barbarian states (Algiers, Tripoli, Tunis 1518–1830) ( New Cologne jurisprudential treatises. 58). De Gruyter, Berlin 1968.
  • Daniel Panzac: Barbary corsaires. The end of a legend 1800-1820. Suffering a.] 2005.
  • Adrian Tinniswood: Pirates of Barbary. Corsairs, Conquests, and Captivity in the Seventeenth-Century Mediterranean. Riverhead Books, New York 2010, ISBN 978-1-59448-774-3 .
  • Godfrey Fisher: Barbary Legend: War, Trade, and Piracy in North Africa, 1415-1830. Oxford 1957.
  • Magnus Ressel: Between slave coffers and Turkish passports. Northern Europe and the barbarians in the early modern period. De Gruyter, Berlin / Boston, 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-028249-8 .
  • Barbary Pirates . In: Encyclopædia Britannica . 11th edition. tape 3 : Austria - Bisectrix . London 1910, p. 383–384 (English, full text [ Wikisource ]).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ bbc.co.uk
  2. ↑ Petra Minnerop: Pariah States in International Law? Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2004, p. 36.
  3. ↑ baltimore.ie
  4. ↑ About Iceland ( Memento from September 23, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  5. ^ Treaty of Peace and Friendship, Signed at Tripoli November 4, 1796