Bastard poppies

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Bastard poppies
Bastard poppy (Papaver hybridum)

Bastard poppy ( Papaver hybridum )

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Poppy Family (Papaveraceae)
Subfamily : Papaveroideae
Genre : Poppy seeds ( papaver )
Type : Bastard poppies
Scientific name
Papaver hybridum
L.

The bastard poppy ( Papaver hybridum ), also known as crooked poppy , is a species of the poppy family (Papaveraceae). The plant species, which is similar to the sand poppy , is distinguished by its spherical, stiff, bristle seed pods. In Germany this species is considered “critically endangered”, in some federal states it is “threatened with extinction” or is already “extinct”.

description

Vegetative characteristics

The annual , herbaceous plant reaches heights of 15 to 50 cm, rarely up to 60 cm. The whole plant dies as the seeds ripen. The sparsely branched stalk is erect or ascending, leafed and covered with whitish, bristly hairs lying around 1 to 1.5 mm long. The bastard poppy has a basal leaf rosette and several stem leaves. The sparsely hairy leaves are one to three pinnate, 7 to 15 cm long and 2 to 3 cm wide. The lanceolate leaf lobes have pointed or rounded tips. The lower leaves are stalked, sitting higher up with a narrow base.

Flowers and fruits

Immature capsule fruit
Papaver hybridum (illustration)

In the leaf axils or at the end of the stem, the leafless, about 8 to 12 cm long, conspicuously hairy flower stalks sprout. They have nodding or almost upright flowers.

The relatively large flower bud is usually 8 to 12 (rarely 6 to 15) mm long, 6 to 8 mm wide and shaggy and densely haired with 1.5 to 2.5 mm long whitish or yellowish bristles. When the flower bud is opened, the two hairy sepals fall off. The hermaphrodite, radial symmetry flowers are four-fold and have a diameter of 2 to 5 cm. The obovate petals are brick to wine red, about 10 to 20 (sometimes 25) mm long, and have a black to dark purple spot on the base. The petals do not overlap or only slightly. The 50 to 100 stamens are thickened at the front and about as long or slightly longer than the ovary. The anthers are colored dark purple. In the flowering period from May to July, the flowers often only exist for a few days.

The oval to spherical capsule fruit has a convex scar disk, five to nine scar rays, is between 10 and 15 mm high with a diameter of 6 to 12 mm. The hub disk is significantly smaller than the circumference of the capsule. The capsule is covered with numerous, upright bristle hairs up to 2.5 mm long, broadened at the base. The capsule fruit makes it easy to distinguish the species from other poppy species. The numerous (> 200) very small seeds are gray-brown to black and have a reticulate pattern and are smaller than 1 millimeter. The seeds escape through small slits between the lid and the capsule when the plant sways in the wind.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 14.

ingredients

The entire plant is poisonous, especially the capsule contains many poisonous alkaloids . It is of no importance for the production of narcotics and especially for the production of opium .

Distribution and ecology

The bastard poppy grows on calcareous loam and clay soils in grain weed communities, and more rarely in rubble weed communities and agricultural areas. He is a species of the class Secalietea, but also occurs in societies of the class Chenopodietea.

It is originally native to the Mediterranean and Great Britain, North Africa, Southwest Asia (Afghanistan and Pakistan), but has been introduced to other areas. In Germany it is considered an archaeophyte (introduced by human activity before 1492). The plant is found in the warm temperate latitudes up to altitudes of approx. 700 meters. The plant, which loves light to partial shade, occurs in warm areas characterized by the maritime climate. According to the ecological indicator values ​​from Ellenberg , it marks constantly slightly moist, weakly alkaline soils with a moderate nitrogen content.

This species occurs in smaller to larger groups. Pollination takes place by insects or by self-pollination of the hermaphrodite flowers within the bud . This species uses the spread of wind to spread it . The seeds are very long-lived and germinate from October to December and from March to April.

Danger

In Germany this species is classified as "critically endangered". There are secured but endangered occurrences in Rhineland-Palatinate , Saxony-Anhalt , Saxony and Thuringia . The German stocks continue to decline. The main reason for this is the over-fertilization of the soil with nitrogen and the use of herbicides . Germany's responsibility for the conservation of the species is viewed as "low", since its share in the total distribution area is less than 10% and classified as a peripheral area.
This species is not considered endangered within Central Europe.

Sources and further information

The article is mainly based on the following documents:

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Oskar Sebald: Guide through nature. Wild plants of Central Europe. Special edition. ADAC-Verlag et al., Munich et al. 1991, ISBN 3-87003-352-5 , p. 31.
  2. ↑ Papaver hybridum at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  3. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  427 .

Web links

Commons : Bastard Poppy ( Papaver hybridum )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files