Mining landscape
A mining landscape is generally referred to as a cultural landscape that is characterized by mining activity and has lost all or part of its original geofactors . A mining landscape created by underground construction (civil engineering) is characterized by function-specific systems such as headframes , processing systems , but also by mining damage . In contrast, the original landscapes are completely destroyed in open-cast mining and the mining consequences have a greater impact on the landscape. With an opencast mining share of ten percent or more, the allocation to a mining landscape is made in Germany regardless of the other types of use .
In geoecology , mining landscape is defined as the landscape during and after mining activity but before release from mining supervision . Conceptually, a distinction must be made between the mining landscape and the post-mining landscape .
Development of a mining landscape
Mining landscapes, including the areas directly as well as indirectly influenced by mining activity, go through several phases from the point in time of the pre-mining landscape to a "stable final state":
| Landscape development stage |
Landscape development phase |
Landscapes (selection) |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-mining stage of development |
Cultural landscape |
Forest landscape meadow landscape arable landscape settlements |
| Mining stage of development |
Exposure | Lowering of the groundwater level. Destruction of the vegetation cover. Removal of spoil |
| Extraction and operation phase |
Increase in devastation. Development of spoil heaps. Development of residual holes |
|
|
Recultivation and rehabilitation phase (post-mining landscape) |
Slope flattening Leveling Melioration Fertilization Sowing Afforestation Flooding |
|
| Post-mining development stage ( post-mining landscape ) |
early succession initial phase (up to about 5 years) |
often strong morphodynamics beginning soil development unstable hydrological conditions first pioneering plants |
| permanent succession (about 50 to 100 years) |
declining geomorphological process dynamics humus formation development soil water balance stabilization of water balance in lakes formation of plant and animal communities high biodiversity and settlement dynamics |
|
| advanced succession (from 50, mostly 100 years) |
Stabilization and equilibrium phase mostly low morphodynamics Continuation of soil-forming processes Setting of stable hydrological conditions Establishing stable populations |
See also
Literature (selection)
- Sabine Tischew: Renaturation after brown coal mining. Springer Science + Business Media , 2013.
- Hartmut readers , Jörg Löffler : landscape ecology. University paperbacks , 2017.
Web links
- Mining Landscape Lexicon of Geosciences
Individual evidence
- ↑ Glossary Mining Landscape MLU Halle-Wittenberg , accessed on March 24, 2019
- ↑ Bergbaulandschaft Spektrum.de , accessed on March 24, 2019
- ↑ Sustainable recreational use and tourism in post-mining landscapes - Definitions p. 19. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, accessed on March 24, 2019
- ↑ Sabine Tischew: Renaturation after brown coal mining. Springer-Verlag, 2013, pp. 25–26.