Culmitzsch
Culmitzsch was a village in what was then the district of Greiz , district of Gera in Thuringia. In 1955 was the bismuth also north of Culmitzsch and south of Wolfersdorf with the uranium mining started. The Katzendorf and Culmitzsch opencast mines later became industrial tailings (IAA Trünzig and IAA Culmitzsch). The town of Culmitzsch had to give way to create a protection zone around the industrial tailings. It was decided to give up the place and the residents were forcibly relocated. In the years 1964 to 1970 the buildings of the place were completely demolished ( devastated ).
geography
The community of Culmitzsch was two kilometers east of Berga / Elster . In the northwest the place extended to a piece of forest belonging to the state forest Weida. The neighboring towns were in the north the community Wolfersdorf , in the east the districts Zwirtzschen and Friedmannsdorf , which today belong to Seelingstädt , in the south the former place Katzendorf and in the west Kleinkundorf . The place was on a small stream (the Culmitzsch ) at 270 to 310 meters above sea level and had two mills and two larger ponds.
history
Territorial historical development
Culmitzsch originally belonged to the secular territory of the bailiffs of Weida and until 1549 was in the administrative district of the Mildenfurth monastery, which was secularized after the Reformation . The Wettiner as Landgrave of Thuringia and Margrave "conceded" by Meissen after the extinction of the Reeves of Weida their possessions. The Weidaer area came to the Duke Sigismund of Saxony , multiple divisions followed. From 1652 to 1718 this area belonged as Office Weida to the Duchy of Saxe-Zeitz , but remained until 1815 part of the Electorate of Saxony and was after the Congress of Vienna in 1815 the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach , Neustadt County , District Court Weida allocated. After the First World War , the area was assigned and administered to the People's State of Reuss and from 1920 to the district of Greiz in the state of Thuringia. During the territorial reform of 1952 in the GDR , the state of Thuringia was dissolved and Culmitzsch went to the newly formed Greiz district .
middle Ages
The parish of Culmitzsch originally belonged to the original parish of Veitsberg and was replaced before 1230. The reason was probably the handover of the place to the Mildenfurth monastery, which was founded in 1193 by Vogt Heinrich II von Weida.
The original location was a street village and, according to the settlement survey, which took place before the destruction, extended west of the former manor. A later significant expansion of the place took place along the way to the Hammerteich. In 1905 the place had an area of 248 hectares.
On June 25, 1269, Culmitzsch was first mentioned in a document.
In the center of the village was the manor with a pond with an oval base. A small moated castle lay on an artificial island only 50 paces in diameter, which was finally connected to the shore by two bridges. To protect the inner castle, the entire pond was surrounded by a stone wall. On the west side of the pond was the outer bailey with the farm buildings, which later became the manor. The castle is considered to be a late medieval manor. The gentlemen von Kolmatsch , who thus belonged to the service aristocracy of the Mildenfurth monastery, also settled in the Hessian-Thuringian border area near Eisenach as followers of Landgrave Albrecht and appeared there as witnesses in several documents. In their place came the Lords of Wolffersdorff , who from 1360 were also enfeoffed with Culmitzsch. The family lived here until 1785. After a fire in 1675, the old moated castle was rebuilt on old foundations by Heinrich von Wolffersdorff. From 1955 the moated castle together with the village had to give way to the "bismuth mining" due to uranium deposits, despite resistance from the population.
The neighboring places Friedmannsdorf and Kleinkundorf became after the Reformation for works of the manor. The town of Culmitzsch was also completely owned by the manor in the middle of the 16th century and only had happy farmers and day laborers, in 1542 12 handlers were counted.
Modern times
In 1623 Culmitzsch had 139 residents and already had a school. After the destruction in the Thirty Years' War , the moated castle was built in the baroque style from 1677 to 1684. It was the representative residence of the manor and received a towering tower as a landmark.
- In 1762 Culmitzsch came to the von Trützschler family by marriage .
- In 1796 a Saxon chamberlain from Metzsch bought the manor and the town.
- In 1815, as a result of the Congress of Vienna, Culmitzsch came to the Grand Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach. Around 1825 the place had 564 inhabitants.
- In 1840 a Count von Solms-Wildenfels bought the manor.
- In 1862 the grand ducal financial administration took over the manor and converted it into a chamber manor.
The agricultural town experienced new opportunities to earn a living through the construction of a slate quarry and brief mining on iron ore. The ore mining near Katzendorf, based on Brauneisenstein , even resulted in the construction of a hammer mill in Culmitzsch.
Weimar sculptor Robert Härtel (1831–1884), who worked as a teacher at the arts and crafts school in Breslau in 1878, moved into the statue of Kaiser Wilhelm I in front of the chamber property; the original was created for the (old) Breslau government building . After the First World War, a simple memorial for the fallen was erected next to the imperial monument.
Church history
The parish of Culmitzsch included the places Chursdorf , Friedmannsdorf , Großkundorf , Katzendorf , Kleinkundorf , Kleinreinsdorf , Seelingstädt , Settendorf , Trünzig and Zwirtzschen . The church building, which was still built in Romanesque style, was located east of the property on a hill and was surrounded by the cemetery and a stone wall. The building history of the church mentions a restoration that took place in 1589, with the addition of the late Gothic windows. From 1675 to 1683, changes were made in the Baroque style when the Lords of Wolfersdorf built the neighboring castle. The deconstruction to Romanesque forms took place from 1716 to 1719 at the instigation of Johann Friedrich von Wolfersdorf, who thereby revealed a personal preference for medieval history but also donated the organ. In 1725 the interior was redesigned by whitewashing. The church inventory was distributed after the site was destroyed.
Population development
The community of Culmitzsch had 564 inhabitants in 1825, 674 inhabitants were counted in 1880 and in 1905 there were only 563 inhabitants. As a result of the temporary accommodation of refugees and resettlers after the Second World War , Culmitzsch briefly had 850 inhabitants in 1946; on December 31, 1964 (census) there were still 614 inhabitants.
Uranium mining in bismuth
The Culmitzsch deposit was the fourth largest uranium deposit exploited by the bismuth . On site, 15 to 18 million tons of uranium ore were mined using the open-pit method and 9216 tons of pure uranium were extracted from it. The opencast mine was sunk to the lower level, about 70 m below ground level, moving about 90 million cubic meters of rock.
From 1964 to 1970, the town center was devastated by the establishment of a protection zone around the industrial tailings plant (IAA) Culmitzsch for the deposition of waste water and sludge from uranium mining . The sedimentation basins were located north and south of the village and posed too great a threat to the village and the inhabitants. Together with Culmitzsch, parts of Sorge-Settendorf , Katzendorf , Schmirchau , Lichtenberg and around two thirds of the area of Gauern had to give way to uranium mining.
literature
- The northern Vogtland around Greiz. A geographical inventory in the area of Greiz, Weida, Berga, Triebes, Hohenleuben, Elsterberg, Mylau and Netzschkau . In: Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography (Ed.): Landscapes in Germany . tape 68 . Böhlau Verlag, Leipzig 2006, ISBN 3-412-09003-4 , Wüstungen Culmitzsch and Katzendorf, p. 169-178, 412, 463 .
- Paul Lehfeldt , Georg Voss (ed.): Architectural and art monuments of Thuringia. Grand Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach: Neustadt administrative district: Neustadt a. Orla, Auma and Weida. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1897, pp. 267–271 ( as digitized version )
- Rudolf Herrmann : Heinrich von Kolmas. A minstrel from the Weida area In: Thuringian Fähnlein, monthly magazine for the Central German homeland, 4th year. Issue 9, April 1935, pp. 539-543
- Gundo Benkel: Culmitzsch. All that remains is the grass . Ed .: Heimat- und Geschichtsverein Berga. Berga 2006.
- Paul Heller: Disappeared places - found words . A contribution to the history of Culmitzsch, Sorge and Katzendorf. In: Yearbook of the Reichenfels-Hohenleuben Museum . tape 48 . Hohenleuben 2003, p. 91-110 .
- Gerhard Cheap: Culmitzsch, Wasserburg and Manor . In: Yearbook of the Reichenfels-Hohenleuben Museum . tape 49 . Hohenleuben 2004, p. 77-86 .
- Riemenschneider: How the Culmitzsch got a new name . In: Heimat Thüringen , issue 3/2015, pp. 39–43.
Web links
- Private website about Culmitzsch. Retrieved March 14, 2020 .
- Culmitzsch opencast mine on devastiert.de ( Memento from September 14, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
- Website of the Wolffersdorff family association. Retrieved March 14, 2020 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Wolfgang Kahl : First mention of Thuringian towns and villages . 5. verb. Edition. Rockstuhl Verlag, Bad-Langensalza 2010, ISBN 978-3-86777-202-0 , p. 51
- ↑ Michael Köhler : Thuringian castles and fortified prehistoric and early historical living spaces . Jenzig-Verlag, 2001, ISBN 3-910141-43-9 , pp. 81-82
Coordinates: 50 ° 45 ′ 37.6 ″ N , 12 ° 12 ′ 20.2 ″ E