Banded dwarf shadow hummingbird

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Banded dwarf shadow hummingbird
Banded dwarf shadow hummingbird

Banded dwarf shadow hummingbird

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Subfamily : Hermits (Phaethornithinae)
Genre : Shadow hummingbirds ( Phaethornis )
Type : Banded dwarf shadow hummingbird
Scientific name
Phaethornis griseogularis
Gould , 1851

The banded dwarf shadow hummingbird ( Phaethornis griseogularis ) or Graukinneremit is a species of bird from the hummingbird family (Trochilidae) that is found in Colombia , Venezuela , Brazil , Ecuador and Peru . The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The banded dwarf shadow hummingbird reaches a body length of approx. 8.0 to 10.0 cm, with a weight of the males of approx. 1.8 to 2.5 g and of the females 1.9 to 3.0 g. The top is bronze-gold-green, the back is dark red-brown. The throat is gray, the ear-covers black-brown bordered by yellow-brown upper eye and beard lines. The underside is light ocher red-brown. A more or less distinct black spot or bandage can be found on the chest. The wings are blackish purple. The blackish bronze-green central control feathers have 7 mm long gray-white tips. The lateral tail feathers have ocher brown lace hems. The upper bill is black, the lower bill yellow with a black tip half. The beak is slightly curved. The feet are yellow. It is very similar to the striped-throated shadow hummingbird ( Phaethornis striigularis ), from which it differs mainly by the highlighted hand wings and the distinctive gray band on the upper side of the central control feathers, their blackish base and white spots. Young birds are similar to females.

Behavior and nutrition

The banded dwarf shadow hummingbird feeds on nectar like other hummingbirds . It also feeds on small arthropods . As a trapliner, it flies regularly in quick succession to very specific, scattered flowers.

Reproduction

On February 10, 2010, a nest was discovered near Macará in the province of Loja with a clutch of two white eggs weighing about 0.40 g and about 12.15 × 8.05 mm in size. The chick that hatched on February 13th was pink and darker on the back. A day later the second chick hatched. The chick weighed 0.37 g after hatching and 0.48 g one day later. After six days the nestlings had porcupine-like first feathers. The plumage was finished after 17 to 18 days. The first nestling fledged on March 7, the second followed a day later. Based on these observations, a nest stay of 21 to 23 days is assumed. The typical cone-shaped nest, like other hermits, was built on the underside of the tip of the leaf of the laurel family and was 1.3 meters above the ground. The nest was about 280 mm high. The outer radius was approx. 65 mm, the inner radius 28 mm and the depth 24 mm. The material consisted of a mix of small pieces of tree bark, flying seeds and small dry flowers and a lot of green moss, and was fastened with cobwebs. Gonadal activity was recorded in Colombia in October and in southern and southwestern Venezuela in March.

Vocalizations

The song consists of a continuous series of high-pitched tones that the bird utters at a frequency of one phrase every two to three seconds. Each phrase contains several, monotonous, slightly rising individual tones, which are followed by a more complex trill. This sounds like tsi ... tsi ... tsiii ... tseotsetsi . The phrases even vary in each singing round. The structure of the song is similar to that of the striped-throated shadow hummingbird, but the trill sounds less pipsy. In flight it gives off an explosive tsik .

distribution and habitat

Distribution area (green) of the banded dwarf shadow hummingbird

The banded dwarf shadow hummingbird prefers the undergrowth of moist foothills, subtropical and lower cloud forests, forest edges, dense secondary vegetation and thickets. In Colombia you can also find it in gallery forests . P. g. zonura prefers tropical forests. It is usually at altitudes between 600 and 1800 meters, but in northern Peru you can find it up to 2200 meters. There are reports from Colombia at altitudes down to 400 meters, in northern Venezuela even up to 300 meters.

Subspecies

So far, three subspecies are known:

  • Phaethornis griseogularis griseogularis Gould , 1851 occurs in the south and east of Colombia, in the south of Venezuela and in the north-west of Brazil to the east of Ecuador and the east of Peru.
  • Phaethornis griseogularis zonura Gould , 1860 occurs on the eastern slopes of the Andes in northwestern Peru. This subspecies is lighter and has a greyish underside. The beak is slightly more curved.
  • Phaethornis griseogularis porcullae Carriker , 1935 is widespread on the western slopes of the Andes in north-west Peru and in south-west Ecuador. The subspecies has a significantly paler underside and yellow-brown to light brown edges on the inner tail feathers. The upper tail ceilings are a little darker. The subspecies is sometimes considered in the literature as a distinct species.

In Phaethornis apheles Heine , 1884 is synonymous with g P.. zonura .

migration

The migration behavior of the bandage dwarf shadow hummingbird has not yet been researched. But it is assumed that he is a resident .

Etymology and history of research

The first description of the binding dwarf shadow hummingbirds carried out in 1851 by John Gould under the scientific name Phaethornis griseogularis . The type specimen Gould had of William Jameson (1796-1873) from Quito received. In 1827 William Swainson introduced the genus Phaethornis for the Eastern long-tailed shadow hummingbird ( Phaethornis superciliosus ( Linnaeus , 1766)). The term “Phaethornis” is derived from the Greek words “phaethōn Φαέθων ” for “the shining one, the shining one” and “órnis όρνις ” for “bird”. The species name »griseogularis« is a Latin word formation from »griseum« for »gray« and »gularis, gula« for »throaty, throat«. “Zonura” is derived from the Greek words “zōnē ζωνη ” for “ribbon, belt” and “-ouros, oura -ουρος, ουρα ” for “-tailed, tail”. The type specimen was collected by Józef Warszewicz . "Porcullae" refers to the Porculla Pass in the Lambayeque region . The meaning of "aphelēs αφελης " is "smooth, simple".

literature

  • Christoph Hinkelmann , Guy Maxwell Kirwan , Peter Boesman in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal , David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: Gray-chinned Hermit (Phaethornis griseogularis) . In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona ( hbw.com ).
  • Rolf Grantsau : The hummingbirds of Brazil . Expressão e Cultura, Rio de Janeiro 1988, ISBN 85-208-0101-3 .
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • John Gould: A monograph of the Trochilidæ, or family of humming-birds . tape 1 , delivery 2. Taylor and Francis, London 1851 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • John Gould: Description of Twenty-two new Species of Humming Birds . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 28 , no. 2 , 1860, p. 304-312 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Frederick Herschel Waterhouse: The dates of publication of some of the zoological works of the late John Gould, FRS RH Porter, London 1885 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Melbourne Armstrong Carriker, Jr .: Descriptions of New Birds from Peru and Ecuador, with Critical Notes on Other Little-Known Species . In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . tape 87 , 1935, pp. 343-359 , JSTOR : 4064219 .
  • Ferdinand Heine junior: On behalf of the external member Mr. F. Heine jr. in Emersleben, Mr. Reichenow also presents the description of a new colibri that is in the Heineanum Museum on St. Burchardt. In: Journal for Ornithology (=  4 ). tape 32 , no. 63 , 1884, p. 235 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • William Swainson: A Synopsis of the Birds discovered in Mexico by W. Bullock, FLS and HS and Mr. William Bullock, jun. In: The Philosophical magazine: or Annals of chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, natural history and general science . tape 1 , no. 85 , 1827, pp. 433-442 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Harold Greeney, Isaac Lichter-Marck, Eli Lichter-Marck: The nest, eggs and nestlings of Gray-chinned Hermit Phaethornis griseogularis . In: Cotinga . tape 35 , 2013, p. 84-85 ( neotropicalbirdclub.org [PDF]).

Web links

Commons : Banded Dwarf Hummingbird ( Phaethornis griseogularis )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Christoph Hinkelmann u. a.
  2. ↑ Rolf Grantsau, p. 48.
  3. ↑ Harold Greeney et al. a. DS. 84-85
  4. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  5. ↑ a b John Gould (1851), plate 36 & text corresponds to delivery 2
  6. ^ A b John Gould (1860), p. 305
  7. ^ A b c Melbourne Armstrong Carriker, Jr. (1935), p. 345.
  8. ↑ Ferdinand Heine junior, p. 235.
  9. ↑ Frederick Herschel Waterhouse, p. 53. The year of publication 1851, delivery 2 is shown with plate 367 in A monograph of the Trochilidæ .
  10. ^ William Swainson, p. 441.
  11. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 301
  12. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 179.
  13. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 414
  14. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 50.