Striped-throated shadow hummingbird

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Striped-throated shadow hummingbird
Striped-throated shadow hummingbird

Striped-throated shadow hummingbird

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Subfamily : Hermits (Phaethornithinae)
Genre : Shadow hummingbirds ( Phaethornis )
Type : Striped-throated shadow hummingbird
Scientific name
Phaethornis striigularis
Gould , 1854

The striped-throated shadow hummingbird ( Phaethornis striigularis ) is a species of bird from the hummingbird family (Trochilidae) found in Mexico , Belize , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia , Venezuela and Ecuador . The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The striped-throated shadow hummingbird reaches a body length of about 9.0 cm, with a weight of about 2.0 to 3.0 g for males and 2.0 to 3.2 g for females. The dark cheeks are delimited by the yellow-brown line of the upper eyes and the beard, whereby the beard line appears a little more dull. The top of the little hermit is olive green, the underside brownish to gray. The throat is darker than the chest and stomach and is bordered by a narrow border that has the appearance of a stitch. There are no dark feathers on the breast feathers. The male has rounded central control feathers , the central control feathers have light, narrow edges. The female has longer wings and is less intensely colored on the throat and chest. The more pointed central control feathers have wider edges than those of the male. Fledglings are similar to females, but have reddish brown rump and back. In the females, however, the back is bronze-green and the rump is also reddish-brown. In addition, young animals have cinnamon-colored spots on the body, wing covers and arm wings.

Behavior and nutrition

The striped-throated shadow hummingbird gets its nectar from different plant species with medium-sized to small flower crowns. The plants he visited include the species Chrysothemis friedrichsthaliana , which belongs to the Gesneria family and produces a particularly large amount of nectar during the flowering period of the male plants. Therefore the striped-throated shadow hummingbird visits male flowers of the species much more often than female flowers. Its nectar he robbed also by the base of the corolla of helmet herbs and Pavonia anpickst. This behavior was mainly observed in Costa Rica and Panama. As a trapliner, it flies regularly in quick succession to very specific, scattered flowers. It also feeds on small arthropods .

Vocalizations

The singing consists of high-pitched phrases that he repeats incessantly with no pause between the phrases. He gives this at a frequency of one phrase every two to five seconds. A phrase contains a few monotonous, monosyllabic notes that slowly decrease. Individual tones are followed by a more complex trill that sounds like tchi ... tsi ... tsup ... tsischolili . The phrases can vary in a song. In flight the call sounds like a short tsik .

Reproduction

The breeding season in southern Mexico is from April to June, in Costa Rica in November, December and with some reports from February and September. In northeast Costa Rica, it appears to breed year-round with some peak activity from March to July and November to December. Active nests were reported in Colombia in July, in western Ecuador from January to March and in Belize in May and June. Data on gonadal activity indicate that it breeds in northern Colombia in March and May, western Colombia in March and December, Panama in May, and Honduras in April. The cone-shaped nest is made from plant material such as fibers and fallen leaves that are held together with cobwebs and placed under a large overhanging leaf. A clutch consists of two eggs. The incubation period is about 15 to 16 days and the eggs are hatched by the female. The nestlings fledge after 20 to 23 days. The chicks have pink skin, with a double brown stripe at the end of the back. The eyes of the chicks remain closed for ten days after hatching.

distribution and habitat

Distribution area (green) of the striped-throated shadow hummingbird

The striped-throated shadow hummingbird prefers the undergrowth of humid tropical lowland and hill forests, places with missing trees, clearings and forest edges, dense secondary forests, in plantations with abundant vegetation and even occurs in gardens. P. s. striigularis and P. s. ignobilis is also present in natural deciduous forests, scrub and thicket. In Venezuela, it moves at altitudes from sea level to 1,300 meters. In Costa Rica it is present at altitudes of up to 1500 meters, in western Ecuador up to 1570 meters, but you can usually find it in these countries below 800 meters.

Subspecies

So far, four subspecies are known:

  • Phaethornis striigularis saturatus Ridgway , 1910 is distributed from southern Mexico to northwestern Colombia. The subspecies is the brightest of all subspecies with an ocher-colored to orange underside and reddish-brown instead of ocher-colored tail feathers.
  • Phaethornis striigularis subrufescens Chapman , 1917 occurs in western Colombia and western Ecuador. The lines on the throat are less clear than in the nominate form. The brown ocher color on the throat and neck is less gray than in P. s. ignobilis .
  • Phaethornis striigularis striigularis Gould , 1854 is common in northern Colombia and western Venezuela.
  • Phaethornis striigularis ignobilis Todd , 1913 occurs in northern Venezuela. The lines on the throat are less clear than in the nominate form. The subspecies has a rather brown ocher colored throat and chest.

Phaethornis adolphi nelsoni Bangs & Barbour , 1922 is a synonym for P. s. subrufescens . Phaethornis adolphi Gould , 1857 is also a synonym for the P. s. saturatus . As early as 1950, John Todd Zimmer recognized that the name Trochilus Adolphei Lesson , 1843, had already been taken. He concluded that, despite the different spelling, Article 35 of the International Rules for Zoological Nomenclature applies and that Lessons naming has priority over Gould's. Therefore, he proposed the new name Phaethornis longuemareus cordobae . Later this subspecies turned out to be a synonym for Phaethornis striigularis saturatus .

migration

The migration behavior of the striped-throated shadow hummingbird has not yet been researched. But it is assumed that he is a resident . Only seasonal occurrences in northern Venezuela indicate certain migratory movements.

Etymology and history of research

The first description of the stripe-throated Hermit was made in 1854 by John Gould under the scientific name Phaethornis striigularis . The type specimen was from 1852 Gould Bogota get. In 1827 William Swainson introduced the genus Phaethornis for the Eastern long-tailed shadow hummingbird ( Phaethornis superciliosus ( Linnaeus , 1766)). The term “Phaethornis” is derived from the Greek words “phaethōn Φαέθων ” for “the shining one, the shining one” and “órnis όρνις ” for “bird”. The specific epithet »striigularis« is formed from the Latin words »stria« for »lines, stripes« and »gularis, gula« for »throaty, throat«. "Saturatus" derives from "satur, satura, satis" for "rich, abundant, enough". "Subrufescens" is a combination of "sub" for "below" and "rufescens, rufescentis, rufescere, rufus" for "reddish, reddish, reddish brown". "Ignobilis" stands for "unclear, moderate, ordinary" and is derived from "in" for "not" and "nobilis, noscere" for "known, know".

"Nelsoni" is dedicated to Edward William Nelson , who in 1913 had used the previously assigned name Phaethornis adolphi fraterculus . "Adolphi" honors Adolphe Boucard . »Cordobae« refers to Cordoba in Veracruz , the place from which Auguste Sallé Gould sent the type specimen for Phaethornis adolphi .

literature

  • Christoph Hinkelmann , Guy Maxwell Kirwan , Peter Boesman in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal , David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: Stripe-throated Hermit (Phaethornis striigularis) In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • John Gould: A monograph of the Trochilidæ, or family of humming-birds . tape 1 , delivery 8. Taylor and Francis, London 1854 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Frederick Herschel Waterhouse: The dates of publication of some of the zoological works of the late John Gould, FRS RH Porter, London 1885 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Frank Michler Chapman : The distribution of bird-life in Colombia: a contribution to a biological survey of South America . In: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . tape 36 , 1917, pp. 1–729 ( digitallibrary.amnh.org [PDF; 12.4 MB ]).
  • Walter Edmond Clyde Todd: Preliminary diagnoses of apparently new birds from tropical America . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 26 , 1913, pp. 169-174 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Robert Ridgway: Diagnoses of new forms of Micropodidae and Trochilidae . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 23 , 1910, pp. 53-55 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • William Swainson: A Synopsis of the Birds discovered in Mexico by W. Bullock, FLS and HS and Mr. William Bullock, jun. In: The Philosophical magazine: or Annals of chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, natural history and general science . tape 1 , no. 85 , 1827, pp. 433-442 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Outram Bangs, Thomas Barbour: Birds from Darien . In: Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College . tape 65 , 1922, pp. 191-229 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Edward William Nelson: Descriptions of new genera, species and subspecies of birds from Panama, Columbia and Ecuador . In: Smithsonian miscellaneous collections . tape 60 , no. 3 , 1913, pp. 1-25 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • John Todd Zimmer: Studies of Peruvian birds. No. 55, The hummingbird genera Doryfera, Glaucis, Threnetes, and Phaethornis . In: American Museum Novitates . No. 1449 , 1950, pp. 1–52 ( digitallibrary.amnh.org [PDF; accessed March 30, 2013]).
  • René Primevère Lesson : Complément à l'histoire naturelle des oiseaux-mouches . In: L'Echo du Monde Savant (=  2 ). tape 10 , no. 32 , 1843, pp. 755-758 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).

Web links

Commons : Striped-throated shadow hummingbird ( Phaethornis striigularis )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Christoph Hinkelmann u. a.
  2. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  3. ^ Robert Ridgway, p. 54.
  4. ↑ Frank Michler Chapman (1917), p. 283
  5. ↑ a b John Gould (1854), plate 37 & text corresponds to delivery 8
  6. ^ Walter Edmond Clyde Todd, p. 173.
  7. ↑ Outram Bangs et al. a. (1922), p. 204.
  8. ↑ a b c John Gould (1857), plate 35 & text corresponds to delivery 14
  9. ↑ René Primevère Lesson, p. 756.
  10. ↑ a b John Todd Zimmer, p. 50.
  11. ↑ Frederick Herschel Waterhouse, p. 53. The year of publication 1854, delivery 8 is shown with plate 37 in A monograph of the Trochilidæ .
  12. ^ William Swainson, p. 441.
  13. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 301
  14. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 368
  15. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 348
  16. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 372
  17. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 202
  18. ^ Edward William Nelson, p. 9.