Gesneria plants

Gesneria plants
	Typical zygomorphic flowers with tubular corollas in Pearcea intermedia , Tribus Gloxinieae, Gesneriaceae
Systematics
	Eudicotyledons
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Asterids
	Euasterids I
Order :	Mint family (Lamiales)
Family :	Gesneria plants
Scientific name
	Gesneriaceae
	Rich. & Juss. ex DC.

Gesneriaceae are a family of plants within the order of the mint family (Lamiales). It is a predominantly tropical family. The 147 to 160 genera with 3200 to 3870 species are widespread. Varieties of some species are used as ornamental plants .

description

Illustration of Chirita sinensis

Illustration of Streptocarpus polyanthus : It is a perennial herbaceous plant that only develops a sedentary leaf during its life and forms many inflorescences, flowers and capsule fruits for years.

Appearance

They are mostly perennial , very rarely annual herbaceous plants ; In addition there are also some woody taxa : subshrubs , shrubs and small trees ( Besleria , Peltanthera , Shuaria ) or rarely lianas . The trees reach heights of more than 13 meters. Most species grow terrestrially, but there are also many epiphytic species. They grow independently upright, climbing, creeping or hanging. They form fiber roots . The stems are mostly hairy; it can be glandular hair. Some species are more or less succulent . Milky juice is never available.

Real annual plants are only known in a few genera, for example a few species in the South African genus Streptocarpus and in the Asian genus Chirita , perhaps Sinningia nordestina is the only annual species in the Neotropic; all true annual species thrive in marginal to subtropical areas with a distinct seasonal climate. Monocarp species are usually not annual, but perennial plants , but live in the always humid tropics, i.e. without seasons, vegetatively for a few to many years, then form flowers and fruits and die after the seeds ripen. A special expression are monocarpic species in tropical rainforests, which start to bloom relatively early after germination and form seeds, they bloom and fruit without interruption for a few to many years, usually their life only ends when they are destroyed by external circumstances ( for example in many Monophyllaea species). The polycarpic , perennial , herbaceous plants are typical of subtropical, warm-temperate to temperate areas of the world with more or less clear seasons; these can be seasonal fluctuations in temperature or precipitation . Some perennial herbaceous species form rhizomes with or without scale-shaped small leaves or tubers as persistence organs.

Foliage leaves

In many species, the leaves stand together in a basal rosette of leaves , they are often distributed along the stem axis, mostly opposite to sometimes three or four whirling , sometimes almost two-line or alternating and spirally arranged. The leaves are mostly stalked. Sedentary leaves occur only in Monophyllaea and "single-leaved" Streptocarpus species. The herbaceous to leathery, bifacial (dorsiventral) leaf blades are usually simple, less often lobed or pinnate. Sometimes there is only one large basal leaf that is developed from a cotyledon (some Streptocarpus species). The mostly simple leaf blades are shaped very differently, ranging from linear to lanceolate, elliptical to egg and almost circular or heart-shaped. The leaf margins are smooth, notched, serrated or serrated. Buckled, more or less strongly lobed leaf blades are rare (for example in a few species of the genera Ridleyandra , Chirita and Henckelia ). The leaf surfaces are green or, in some species, reddish, sometimes with wine-red spots on the underside of the leaf. There is mostly pinnate nerve, more rarely hand nerve. Domatia , formed here as pits, are found at Mitraria . Spread over the leaf surface or arranged in groups stomata (stomata) are anisocytisch and often very large. The leaves of the Gesneriaceae are hairy ( indument ). They often appear furry and hairy. The trichomes are simple and often contain red or blue sap or they are long-stalked and multicellular. In the leaf blades of, for example, Rhychoglossum and Monophyllaea , schizogenic resin and oil channels are present; however, most taxa lack them. In the mesophyll there are mostly calcium oxalate crystals in different amounts and shapes .

Stipules are never present. In Rhytidophyllum species, stipple-like auricles occur at the base of the petioles, but these differ from true stipules and only develop later than these.

Inflorescences and flowers

There are mostly inflorescence stems. The inflorescences are always on the side, but often near the upper end of the stem axes and sometimes they look like terminal. The flowers stand individually (reduced cymes ) or in a composite, indeterminate total inflorescence from two-flowered, zymous partial inflorescences . There may be cover sheets .

The mostly conspicuous flowers are strongly adapted to their very different pollinators (see under synecology) and therefore very rich in shape. The flowers are mostly hermaphroditic; very few species are single sexed ( monoecious ).

Flowering diagram of Gesneria pendulina

Zygomorphic flowers and young capsule fruits of Streptocarpus prolixus

Inflorescence of Jerdonia indica

In the paleotropic Gesneriaceae, one cotyledon grows faster than the other after germination ("anisocotyl"); here at a seedling of a Streptcarpus hybrids

The flowers are usually five-fold (very rarely four-fold) and more or less strongly zygomorphic , rarely radial symmetry . The mostly five sepals are free or more or less strongly fused to form a mostly radial symmetry, rarely zygomorphic calyx. If there is a calyx tube, it ends with the same long or barely recognizable calyx teeth or with two lipped ends. The usually five petals are wheel-shaped, bell-shaped to tubular fused. The flower crowns are mostly zygomorphic, rarely radial symmetry and mostly two-lipped. The colors of the petals range from white and green, from yellow to orange and brown to red, and from purple to blue; sometimes several colors are combined with or without drawings.

There is only one stamen circle, there are two pairs or only two, rarely five, stamens per flower. One or three staminodes are usually present. The either long and slender or very short stamens are always fused with the petals at different heights (near the base to high above) depending on the taxon. Often hanging dust bag together in pairs or all together. The pollen grains usually have three (two to six) apertures and are mostly colporat (or colporoidat) or rugat. In most genera the pollen grains are spread out individually, i.e. as monads, in six genera in twos, i.e. as dyads. Usually there are nectaries that have grown together with the ovary base and all of the glands have grown together to form a ring- to cup-shaped disc (mostly in taxa with upper ovaries) or, more rarely, all (two to five) glands are free, sometimes they are not functional or missing . The nectaries can also be replaced by a scent-producing tissue called an osmophor. Two carpels are one above (all taxa of the Old World) or half under constant up from constant, usually one rare two-chambered ovary grown; rarely is a carpel sterile . In each ovary there are parietal, split placentas with many anatropic, unitegated or tenuinucellate ovules . The usually well-developed stylus ends in a cephalic, two-lipped or two different scar branches.

The flower formula is: ${\ displaystyle \ downarrow K_ {5} \; C _ {(5)} \; A_ {2 + 2-2} \; G _ {\ underline {(2)}}}$

Berries of Columnea orientandina

Fruits, seeds and cotyledons

Dry to fleshy, very differently shaped, loculicidal (clefts), septicidal (septum clefts) or capsule fruits that open with a lid or fleshy, sometimes very conspicuous to inconspicuous colored berries are formed. Each fruit contains many seeds.

The ever tiny seeds are spindle-shaped to ellipsoidal or egg-shaped and sometimes have appendages at one or both ends. Most of the seeds contain an oily endosperm , which consists of one or more layers; in the Cyrtandroideae there is no endosperm.

The straight embryo has two identical germ layers ( cotyledons ). In the paleotropic Gesneriaceae, one cotyledon grows faster than the other after germination ("anisocotyl").

Enantiostyly of an African violet variety, the style is on the side next to the anthers

Synecology

Flower ecology

Cross- pollination occurs in almost all species of the Gesneriaceae family . In order to promote cross-pollination, the following mechanisms are developed in Gesneriaceae: Protandry , during which the pollen ripens and is released from the anthers before the stigmas in the same flower are able to accept pollen. Protogyny , in which the stigmas are receptive to pollen and are no longer receptive before the pollen ripens in the same flower and is released from the anthers. Enantiostyly , it is a left-right position of the stylus combined with the opposite position of the anthers. Protandry predominates overall in the Gesneriaceae family. Protogyny appears to only occur in some species of Gesneria pollinated by bats . Enantiostyly occurs in the genera Didymocarpus, Henckelia and Saintpaulia ; with them the anthers remain in an unchangeable position.

A male hummingbird of the species Esmeralda elf ( Chaetocercus berlepschi ) sucks nectar from a flower of Kohleria spicata , pollination takes place.

The zygomorphic flowers of Rhytidophyllum tomentosum contain plenty of nectar.

Zygomorphic flower of Gasteranthus delphinioides with a whitish corolla, the corolla tube narrows at the lower end.

Facultative or obligatory self-pollination is known or suspected only of a few species ( autogamy, for example, in species of the genera Epithema, Rhynchoglossum, Monophyllaea ). In these types the flowers are usually small and inconspicuous flowers and they are often formed in large numbers. The fruit set is almost 100%. In a few cases the flowers do not open and fertilization takes place in the flower buds ( celistogamy, for example, in Streptocarpus nobilis, Codonanthopsis dissimulata ).

Almost all species of the Gesneriaceae family are pollinated by animals ( zoophilia ). Birds play the main role in pollination, followed by insects and bats .

The types of Neotropical outweighs ornithophily that pollination is done so by birds. About 60% of the Neotropical subfamily Gesnerioideae (about 1000 species) are pollinated by hummingbirds (Trochilidae). The center of the bird-pollinated species is in Colombia and Ecuador. There are significantly more epiphytic than terrestrial species that are pollinated by birds. The ornithophilic species can already be recognized by the tubular to salver-shaped structure of the corolla and the colors of the flowers, which have very different but mostly bright red tones (from red to orange to bright yellow). Bird flowers also always offer plenty of nectar. The location of the stamens and stigmas ensures that the pollen is stripped off the bird's head and then pollination occurs when the next flower is visited. In addition to the properties of the flowers, other characteristics also play a role in the attractiveness of hummingbirds. Large, colored bracts in the inflorescences (for example Drymonia species) or red spots and edges or translucent windows on the leaves (for example Columnea sect. Collandra ) are used to attract birds, in such species the flowers are often relatively inconspicuous flowers and in the leaves hidden. In Columnea florida has been observed that young inexperienced hummingbirds ( brown dwarf Hermit ( Phaethornis longuemareus ) and green end-Brillant Hummingbird ( Heliodoxa jacula )) is first aimed at the translucent red "windows" of the leaves and then a few seconds spend different parts of the plant to investigate before they find the flowers; experienced specimens buzz over the red spots and then quickly dive under the leaves to directly reach the flowers in the leaf axils. Pollination by birds is much less common in the Gesneriaceae of the Old World (in the genera Aeschynanthus, Agalmyla and in a few species of the otherwise bee-pollinated genera Henckelia, Streptocarpus, Cyrtandra ). In Africa and Asia, nectar bird species (Nectariniidae) and in some areas from Sulawesi to New Zealand honeyeater (Meliphagidae) are possible pollinators.

Pollination by bats ( chiropterophilia ) is only known from the Neotropics and developed several times independently in some genera ( Capanea, Drymonia, Kohleria, Gesneria, Rhytidophyllum, Sinningia and Paliavana ). In such species the more or less zygomorphic corolla have short as well as wide or clearly bell-shaped corolla tubes. Their corollas are yellowish or greenish with brown or dirty purple spots. Nectar is produced in large quantities. New reports on pollination of Sinningia brasiliensis and Paliavana prasinata by leaf noses (Phyllostomidae) and blossom bat species (Glossophaginae) describe that an anthesis during the night, an unpleasant odor and an increase in nectar secretion at night are typical for chiropterophilic pollination .

Bees ( Apidae ) play the largest role among insects . Magnificent bees (Euglossini) are particularly important in the neotropics , but so are Anthophoridae , presumably Xylocopinae and others too. About 30% of the Gesnerioideae subfamily are pollinated by both sexes (in orchids, for example, this is only done by the males) of the magnificent bees (Euglossini). Pollination by butterflies seems to be rare, there have been isolated reports of moths . Pollination by butterflies is suspected (there are no reports yet) if the flowers offer nectar and have red or blue, salver-plate-shaped corollas with long, narrow corolla tubes and flat corolla lobes (for example in some species of the genera Achimenes , Sinningia and Episcia ). Strongly fragrant flowers with white, cream-colored to yellow corollas with long, narrow corolla tubes ( e.g. Sinningia tubiflora ) are pollinated by moths . Other flower visitors such as wasps and dipteras such as mosquitoes (Nematocera) and hoverflies (Syrphidae) may also be involved in pollination; however, no species is specifically adapted to any of these pollinators. The "keyhole flowers" of some Streptocarpus species with narrow corolla tubes, flat corolla lobes and small, laterally narrowed flower openings are probably visited by long-nosed flies.

Flowering in detail of Niphaea oblonga

Flower of Gloxinia perennis

The main effect of attracting pollinators is visual. The following floral-ecological adaptations of the flowers to attract certain pollinators have been implemented in Gesneraceae: nectar flowers, with their zygomorphic corollas, the more or less conspicuously colored petals are fused into an, often long, corolla tube and there is a discus for nectar secretion ; the nectar is often collected in special bulges at the base of the corolla tube and with them the pollen is sticky. Trug nectar flowers, they have the appearance of nectar flowers, but if there are any nectars then they are not functional. Some Ornithoboea species could be classified as trugnectar flowers, with their spread calyx and the shape of the flower crowns make their flowers look like orchid flowers; it could actually be a mimicry of orchid flowers (perhaps calanthe ), but at least they are in the form of nectar flowers. Pollen flowers, their flowers are nodding and the petals are fused into a short, bell-shaped corolla tube; they sometimes have five fertile stamens and the relatively large, often bright yellow or orange-colored anthers protrude more or less far from the corolla tube and sometimes hang together, with them the anthers open at the top with pores or transverse slits and do not release sticky, powdery ones Pollen that is scattered when the flower visitors hum; Nectaries are not functional or are reduced ( Ramonda , Conandron , Didymocarpus cordatus , Bellonia , Niphaea , Phinea , Napeanthus ). Partial and complete pollen blooms, rich pollen is simulated by yellow anthers 'walls (for example, in Saintpaulia the robust, yellow anthers' walls are attractive for much longer than there is pollen; for example, Petrocosmea kerrii has a yellow spot on the crown above the anthers ; there are yellow stamen knees in Henckelia caerulea , but the real anthers have a hiding color). Scented flowers, this type of flower is best known in Gloxinia perennis , it is also found in Monopyle , their petals are fused into a very short and wide corolla tube and osmophores (scent-producing tissue) are present near the corolla tube base instead of the nectaries; the osmophore is made up of palisade-like, purple-brown epidermal cells that secrete tiny drops of terpenes collected by bees.

Most species of the Gesneriaceae have odorless flowers, in any case all species pollinated by birds. Some species from around 15 genera, especially from the Neotropics, have fragrant flowers. There is a surprising variety of scents, with reports of sweet honey-like, musky, lemon, clove, cabbage, carrion-like, and others. The scent appears to be directed at specific pollinators. With Sinningia tubiflora , the lemony scent attracts moths or the cabbage-like scent of Capanea cf. grandiflora attracts bats. There are also reports of fragrance for a few paleotropic species, such as Streptocarpus vandeleurii .

In the case of Drymonia serrulata , the long-life calyx contains the fleshy capsule fruit, which opens when ripe and releases a fruit mass with the seeds. The red inner surface of the fruit bowl is particularly noticeable.

Propagation ecology

The diaspores are either the berries or, in the case of capsule fruits, the seeds.

In the species with capsule fruits, the tiny seeds are scattered when ripe and spread by wind or rain. The spread of seeds with appendages is apparently caused by wind. Most of them are epiphytic species, the seeds of which have hairs as appendages. These hairs help them, especially when they get damp, to adhere to the bark of branches and the bark of tree trunks. In species with a hair tail, the hairs spread out in dry weather and form a parachute. The great effectiveness of spreading with hair tails explains the widespread use of Aeschynanthus sect. Polytrichium in Asia and Malesia.

In the species with berries or fleshy capsule fruits, animals usually spread through birds ( ornithochory ), small mammals or ants ( myrmecochory ).

There are different adaptations so that the seeds can be carried by ants, for example: In the Codonanthe genus , some species for this family have unusually large seeds with a length of around 3 millimeters, the lower half of which is surrounded by an aril-like cup or other species the seeds have multicellular, hyaline, long seed stalks (funicles) and still other species are typical "ant garden plants" in which the transport of seeds by ants has been documented. The enlarged, fleshy, white funicles of Chrysothemis friedrichsthaliana contain fatty oils and offer something similar to elaisome to the ants. In Rufodorsia minor , seeds were transported by ants after the berries were mostly broken up by birds. Ants are often secondary seed spreaders once the actually closed fruit has been opened.

When birds and small mammals cause it to spread, it is called endochoria , the so-called digestive spread, in which the seeds pass through the animals' digestive tract. In order to attract animals that are supposed to eat the fruit or parts of it with the seeds, there are some adaptations with Gesneriaceae. In return, the whole ripe berries look attractive or a fruit mass is displayed after opening the fruit. The durable chalice can also act as a display organ.

use

Except as ornamental plants, hardly any species from the Gesneriaceae family are used. There is only the following information: The leaves of Conandron ramondioides are eaten cooked when there is nothing else left.

Ornamental plants

Most Gesneriaceae like it warm all year round, according to their tropical origin. Many of the species prefer bright, warm locations without direct sunlight.

There are many genera, species and varieties of the Gesneria family that are suitable as indoor plants (selection):

African violets ( Saintpaulia ) can easily be propagated from leaf cuttings.
Twist fruit ( Streptocarpus ), can easily be propagated from leaf cuttings.
Gloxinia ( Sinningia speciosa (Lodd.) Hiern), they form tubers.
Columnea , originally epiphytes , are oftencultivatedas " traffic light plants ".
Episcia , ground cover plants.
Shame flowers ( Aeschynanthus ), originally epiphytes , are often cultivated as "traffic light plants".
Kisses ( Nematanthus , Syn .: Hypocyrta Mart., Pp)
Schiefteller ( Achimenes ), they form tubers and can easily be propagated from head cuttings.
Smithiantha , they make tubers.
Chrysothemis
Kohleria
Codonanth .

African violets ( Saintpaulia-Ionantha -Hybride )
with the typical blue color
Twist fruit ( streptocarpus )
Schiefeller ( Achimenes )
Episcia reptans

distribution

The Gesneriaceae family is widespread in the Old World and New World . The species of the Gesneriaceae family thrive mainly in the tropics and subtropics worldwide . Some species are in the moderate areas in South America , Europe , the Himalayas and northern China before.

To the south, the total distribution area extends to southeastern Australia , New Zealand and southern Chile . The few species of the genera Ramonda and Haberlea are tertiary relics in the Pyrenees and on the Balkan Peninsula .

There are about 60 genera each in the Indo-Malay bioregion (including Afghanistan, Pakistan, South Asia and Southeast Asia) and in the Neotropic . In Africa there are nine genera with around 160 species, in Europe there are only three genera with only six species. There are only nine genera and 20 species exclusively in the southern hemisphere . The genera Rhynchoglossum in Asia but also a species in the Neotropic and Epithema with a species in West Africa but the other 20 species in Asia and the Indonesian archipelago have a strongly disjointed area . In China there are 56 genera (of which 25 are endemic) and about 442 species (of which 354 are endemic). Only five genera are native to Australia, two monotypical genus occur only there.

In the Neotropic there are seven tribes with about 60 genera and about 1200 species. In the Neotropic there are centers of biodiversity: with over 400 species the area from Colombia to Peru, with around 250 species Central America, with over 200 species in eastern Brazil, with around 100 species in the Guiana Shield and around 100 species in tropical Mexico.

Systematics

Ridleyandra chuana

Tribe Cyrtandreae: Cyrtandra platyphylla

Didymocarpeae tribe: Boea hemsleyana

Tribe Didymocarpeae: Hybrid of Chirita linearifolia × Chirita sinensis

Tribe Didymocarpeae: Conandron ramondioides

Didymocarpeae tribe: Haberlea rhodopensis , a relic plant with a distribution area in the Balkans.

Didymocarpeae tribe: Henckelia platypus

Didymocarpeae tribe: Petrocosmea rosettifolia

Didymocarpeae tribe: Primulina spadiciformis : habitus, leaves and the flower enveloped by a bract.

Tribe Didymocarpeae: Pyrenees rock plate ( Ramonda myconi ), a relic plant in Europe.

Didymocarpeae tribe: Streptocarpus gardenii

Tribe Titanotricheae: habit, leaves, inflorescence and flowers of Titanotrichum oldhamii .

Trichosporeae: Aeschynanthus radicans

Tribe Klugieae: Rhynchoglossum notonianum

Tribe Beslerieae: Besleria notabilis

Tribus Gesnerieae: inflorescence of Rhytidophyllum exsertum

Tribe Gloxinieae: Niphaea oblonga

Tribe Gloxinieae: Seemannia sylvatica

Tribus Sinningieae: Sinningia leucotricha

Tribe Episcieae: Alsobia dianthiflora

Tribe Episcieae: Chrysothemis pulchella

Tribe Episcieae: Columnea flexiflora

Tribus Episcieae: Corytoplectus capitatus

Tribe Episcieae: Drymonia spec.

Tribus Episcieae: Nautilocalyx melittifolius

Tribe Episcieae: Nematanthus wettsteinii

Tribe Episcieae: Paradrymonia hypocyrta

Tribus Coronanthereae: Asteranthera ovata

Tribus Coronanthereae: Mitraria coccinea

Within the order of the Lamiales , the Gesneriaceae are most closely related to the Calceolariaceae .

The first publication of the Gesneriaceae family under the name "Gessnerieae" is considered to be Louis Claude Marie Richard and Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Augustin-Pyrame de Candolle : Essai sur les Propriétés Médicales des Plantes , 2nd edition, p. 192 of May 11, 1816. Type genre is Gesneria L. The generic name Gesneria and thus also the Gesneriaceae family honors the Zurich natural scientist and doctor Conrad Gessner (1516–1565). Synonyms for Gesneriaceae (Rich. & Juss.) Ex DC. are: Belloniaceae Martinov , Didymocarpaceae D.Don , Ramondaceae Godr. , Besleriaceae Raf. , Cyrtandraceae Jack .

The Gesneriaceae family was divided into four subfamilies. According to A. Weber 2004, they only represent four informal groups, since they are not monophyletic , but have the same range of tribes and genera. So this is only a temporary solution until further research reveals monophyletic groups. The family contains twelve tribes with 147 to 160 genera and about 3200 to 3870 species. About 40 genera are monotypical .

Didymocarpoid Gesneriaceae (after A. Weber 2004), previously subfamily Didymocarpoideae or Cyrtandroideae: the number of chromosomes is very different. Must be rearranged after the investigations of the last few years. Here is the old illustration with four tribes. It contains about 82 genera and about 2000 species:

The following are not classified in a tribe:

Jerdonia Wight : It contains only one species:
Jerdonia indica Wight : It thrives on rocks in the Nilghiri and Anamally Mountains in southwestern India .

Ridleyandra A.Weber & BLBurtt : In 2017 it contains 31 species from Thailand, across the Malay Peninsula , there are around 23 to Borneo with around five species.

Tribe Cyrtandreae Bartl. : It contains three types:

Cyrtandra J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. : It is the largest genus of the family with 550 to 600 species. Their distribution area extends from the Nicobar Islands and southern Thailand via Malesia and the southern Pacific Islands to Hawaii .

Rhynchotechum flower : The approximately 13 species are distributed in Southeast Asia and on the Pacific islands.

Sepikea Schltr. is perhaps a synonym of Cyrtandra : it contains only one species:
Sepikea cylindrocarpa Schltr. : It is an endemic area of Sepik in New Guinea .

Tribe Didymocarpeae Endl. : It contains about 73 genera:

Acanthonema Hook. f. : The only two types are common in tropical West Africa.

Allocheilos W.T.Wang : The two species occur in southern China : Allocheilos cortusiflorus WTWang and Allocheilos guangxiensis H.Q.Wen, YGWei & SHZhong at altitudes of about 1400 meters in the tropical karst in southwestern Guizhou (Xingyi Xian) and eastern Yunnan (Luoping Xian) from about 100 meters in Guangxi .

Allostigma W.T.Wang : It contains only one species:
Allostigma guangxiense W.T.Wang : It is endemic to the Guangxi Autonomous Regionin southern China.

Ancylostemon Craib : The approximately twelve species occur in southern and central China.

Anna Pellegr. : The only three species occur in China and northern Vietnam .

Beccarinda Kuntze : The eight or so species are distributed in north-eastern India ( Assam ), Burma , southern China & Hainan (five species), Vietnam (Tonkin) and Sumatra .

Boea Lam. : The approximately 14 species are distributed in southern China, northeastern India, northern Thailand , Vietnam, the Philippines , Sulawesi , Sumbawa , Flores , New Guinea , the Solomon Islands , the Bismarck and Louisiade archipelago and in Australia .

Boeica C.B.Clarke : The about twelve species in southern China (seven species) in Bhutan, northeastern northern and India, Myanmar , northern Vietnam and on the northwest Malay Peninsula common.

Bournea Olive. : The only two species occur in southeast China.

Briggsia Craib : The approximately 22 species are distributed in southern and central China (21 species), in India, Myanmar and Vietnam.

Briggsiopsis K.Y.Pan : It contains only one species:
Briggsiopsis delavayi (Franch.) KYPan : It occurs in southern China.

Calcareoboea H.W.Li : The two species occur in southern China (both species), northern Vietnam ( Calcareoboea coccinea ) and northeastern Thailand ( Calcareoboea bonii ). They thrive in evergreen forests between limestone cliffs at altitudes between 400 and 1500 meters.

Cathayanthe Chun : It contains only one species:
Cathayanthe biflora Chun : It is endemic to the Chinese province of Hainan at altitudes of about 2400 meters.

Championia Gardn. : It contains only one type:
Championia reticulata Gardn. : It is endemic to Sri Lanka .

Chirita D.Don : The 80 to 140 species so far are distributed from the western Himalayas , eastern and southern China to southern India, Sri-Lanka to the western Indonesian archipelago (Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Sarawak, Java). The extent of the genus is controversial and there may only be a few species left.

Chiritopsis W.T.Wang : The nine species are only found in China as endemic species in small areas.

Colpogyne B.L.Burtt : It contains only one species:
Colpogyne betsiliensis (Humbert) BLBurtt : It occurs only in central Madagascar .

Conandron sieve. & Zucc. : It contains only one type:
Conandron ramondioides sieve. & Zucc. : It occurs in Japan , Taiwan and in eastern China (southern Anhui, northern Fujian, northeastern Jiangxi, Zhejiang).

Corallodiscus Batalin : The three to five species are distributed in northern India, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim, Thailand and China.

Dayaoshania W.T.Wang : It contains only one species:
Dayaoshania cotinifolia W.T.Wang : It occurs only in mountain forests at altitudes between 900 and 1200 meters in Guangxi (Dayaoshan, Jinxiu Xian).

Deinocheilos W.T.Wang : The only two species occur only in China: Deinocheilos jiangxiense WTWang only in mountain regions at altitudes of around 1200 meters in southeastern Jiangxi (Xunwu Xian) and Deinocheilos sichuanense W.T.Wang only on rock faces in eastern Sichuan (Wuxi Xian).

Deinostigma W.T.Wang & Z.YuLi : It contains only one species:
Deinostigma poilanei (Pellegr.) WTWang & ZYLi : It occurs only in Vietnam (Annam).

Didi Sandra C.B.Clarke : The eight species are western Malesia common.

Didymocarpus Wall. : The approximately 75 species are distributed from northern and northeastern India, Nepal and southern China south to the Malay Peninsula and northern Sumatra.

Didymostigma W.T.Wang : The only three types are common in China.

Dolicholoma D.Fang & WTWang : It contains only one species:
Dolicholoma jasminiflorum D.Fang & WTWang : This endemic only occurs on shady rock faces in the tropical karst in southwestern Guangxi (Napo Xian).

Gyrocheilos W.T.Wang : The only four types are common in China.

Haberlea Friv. : The two species are native to Europe. This genus is a relic from times when Europe had a tropical climate.

Hemiboea C.B.Clarke : The approximately 23 species (all 23 species), southern Japan and northern Vietnam used in China.

Hemiboeopsis W.T.Wang : It contains only one species:
Hemiboeopsis longisepala (HWLi) WTWang : It occurs only in Laos and southeastern Yunnan (Hekou Xian, Jinping Xian).

Henckelia Spreng. (Syn .: Loxocarpus R.Br. , Roettlera Vahl , Codonoboea Ridl. , Platyadenia B.L.Burtt ): The approximately 180 species are from southern India and Sri Lanka via Sumatra, southern Thailand, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo to the Philippines , Sulawesi and New Guinea common.

Hexatheca C.B.Clarke : The approximately four come in Borneo (from the western Kalimantan and Sarawak to Sabah) before.

Isometrum Craib : The approximately 14 species are common in China.

Jancaea Boiss. : It contains only one type:
Jancaea heldreichii (Boiss.) Boiss. : This endemic occurs only on Mount Olympus in Thessaly , Greece. It thrives in shady and moist crevices in limestone at altitudes of (100 to) mostly 1000 to 2100 meters.

Lagarosolen W.T.Wang : The only two types are common in China.

Leptoboea Benth. : The three or so species are common in northern India, Bhutan, Sikkim, Myanmar, Thailand and China.

Linnaeopsis Engl .: The approximately three species occur in mountain forests only in East Africa : in northern Tanzania , Tanganyika area.

Metabriggsia W.T.Wang : The only two types are common in China.

Metapetrocosmea W.T.Wang : It contains only one species:
Metapetrocosmea peltata (Merrill & WYChun) WTWang : It only occurs at altitudes between 300 and 700 meters in Hainan .

Nodonema B.L.Burtt : It contains only one species:
Nodonema lineatum B.L.Burtt : It thrives on moist, mossy rocks in tropical West Africa (southern Nigeria, Cameroon and Gabon ).

Opithandra B.L.Burtt : The ten or so species are common in China (nine species) and Japan.

Orchadocarpa Ridl. : It contains only one type:
Orchadocarpa lilacina Ridl. : It thrives in mountain forests on acidic soils on the Malay Peninsula.

Oreocharis Benth. : The approximately 28 species are distributed in southern China (27 species), Thailand and Vietnam.

Ornithoboea Parish ex CBClarke : The eleven species are found in China (five species), Malaysia, eastern Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.

Paraboea (CBClarke) Ridl. : The approximately 87 to 90 species are distributed in Bhutan, Myanmar, China, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines.

Petrocodon Hance : The only three species thrive in the tropical karst only in China.

Petrocosmea Olive. : The 30 or so species are common in China (24 species), northeast India, Myanmar, Thailand and southern Vietnam.

Phylloboea Benth. : It contains only one type:
Phylloboea glandulosa B.L.Burtt : It occurs in Myanmar only in Moulmein.

Platyadenia B.L.Burtt : It contains only one species:
Platyadenia descendens B.L.Burtt : It is endemic to Sarawak .

Platystemma Wall. : It contains only one type:
Platystemma violoides Wall. : It occurs in northern India, Bhutan, Nepal and southern Tibet (Nyalam Xian).

Primulina Hance : The genus, which used to be monotypical, now contains over 130 species, some of which used to be found in Chirita , and many new species have been described in this century.

Pseudochirita W.T.Wang : It contains only one species:
Pseudochirita guangxiensis (SZHuang) WTWang : It thrives with two varieties in the tropical karst in Guangxi and Vietnam.

Felsenteller ( Ramonda Rich. ): The only three types occur in Spain and on the Balkan Peninsula .

Raphiocarpus Chun : It contains only one species:
Raphiocarpus maguanensis Y.M. Shui & WHChen : It thrives in the evergreen rainforest at altitudes of around 1600 meters only in Yunnan (Maguan).

Rhabdothamnopsis Hemsl. : It contains only one type:
Rhabdothamnopsis sinensis Hemsl. : It thrives in forests in the limestone region at altitudes between 1,600 and 4,600 meters in western Guizhou, western and southwestern Sichuan, central and northern Yunnan.

Saintpaulia H. Wendl. : The roughly six species are distributed in tropical East Africa (southeastern Kenya and northern Tanzania ).

Schizoboea (Fritsch) BLBurtt : It contains only one species:
Schizoboea kamerunensis (Engl.) BLBurtt : It occurs in tropical West, Central and East Africa (Cameroon, Fernando Po, Rwanda, Zaire, southern Tanzania).

Twist fruit ( Streptocarpus Lindl. ): The approximately 135 species are mainly found in tropical and southeastern Africa, Madagascar and Comoros .

Tengia Chun: It contains only one species:
Tengia scopulorum W.Y.Chun : This occurs in three varieties in Guizhou and Yunnan.

Tetraphyllum handle. ex CBClarke : Of the only two species, one occurs only in Vietnam and the other probably only in northeastern India.

Thamnocharis W.T.Wang : It contains only one species:
Thamnocharis esquirolii (H.Léveillé) WTWang : It occurs only at altitudes between 1500 and 1600 meters in southwest Guizhou (Xingren Xian, Zhenfeng Xian).

Trachystigma C.B. Clarke : It contains only one species:
Trachystigma mannii C.B. Clarke : It occurs in tropical West Africa .

Tremacron Craib : The seven or so species are common in China.

Trisepalum C.B.Clarke : The approximately 13 species are distributed in China, Malaysia, Myanmar and Thailand.

Tribe Titanotricheae WTWang : It contains only one monotypical genus:
Titanotrichum Soler. : It contains only one type:
Titanotrichum oldhamii (Hemsl.) Soler. : It occurs from Fujian and Taiwan via the Ryūkyū Islands to other Japanese islands.

Trichosporeae Nees : It contains about five genera:

Shame flowers ( Aeschynanthus Jack , Syn .: Oxychlamys Schltr. , Trichosporum D.Don. , Euthamnus Schltr. , Rheithrophyllum Hassk. ): The approximately 140 species are distributed in Asia and on the Pacific islands.

Agalmyla Blume (Syn .: Orithalia Blume nom. Illeg., Orythia Endl. , Dichrotrichum Reinw. Ex De Vriese , Tetradema Schltr. ): The approximately 100 species are common in Malesia.

Loxostigma C.B.Clarke : The seven or so species are common in India, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim, Myanmar, China (seven species) and northern Vietnam.

Lysionotus D.Don : The approximately 25 species are distributed in northern India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, China, Laos, northern Thailand, northern Vietnam and southern Japan.

Micraeschynanthus Ridl. : It contains only one type:
Micraeschynanthus dischidioides Ridl. : It occurs only in Pahang on the Malay Peninsula.

Epithematoid Gesneriaceae (after A. Weber 2004), previously subfamily Epithematoideae: The number of chromosomes n = mostly 10 (8-12). It contains only one tribe with six to seven genera and about 75 species. Distribution: mainly in India and Southeast Asia ; there is one species in West Africa and one species from Central America to Peru :
Tribus Klugieae Fritsch : It contains six to seven genera:

Epithema flower : The ten to twenty species are common in South and Southeast Asia and West Africa.

Gyrogyne W.T.Wang : It contains only one species:
Gyrogyne subaequifolia W.T.Wang : This endemic thrives at low altitudes in western Guangxi only in Bose Xian.

Loxonia Jack : There are about three species in western Malesia: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Java.

Monophyllaea R.Br. : The over 30 species are distributed in Malesia from Sumatra to New Guinea and from southern Thailand and Luzon to Java.

Rhynchoglossum flower : The approximately twelve species are common in Southeast Asia and on the Pacific islands.

Stauranthera Benth. : The ten or so species are distributed in Southeast Asia and on the Pacific islands.

Whytockia W.W.Sm. : The approximately six kinds are common in China (five kinds) and Taiwan (one kind).

Gesnerioid Gesneriaceae (according to A. Weber 2004), previously subfamily Gesnerioideae: The number of chromosomes n = 6-16. It contains six tribe with about 53 genera and about 1500 species, in the New World ( Neotropis ), many taxa are epiphytes, mostly they are pollinated and distributed by birds :
- Tribe Beslerieae Bartl. : It contains about eight genera:
  
  Anetanthus Hern ex Benth. & Hook. f. The two types Anetanthus gracilis Hiern and Anetanthus rubra L.E.Skog are in Peru , Bolivia in central Columbia and southeastern Brazil spread.
  
  Besleria L .: The over 200 species arewidespreadin the Neotropic , with centers of biodiversity in the Andes of Colombia and Ecuador . Many of the species are endemic, sometimes in small areas.
  
  Cremosperma Benth. : The 20 to 25 species are distributed from Panama to the Andes of Peru.
  
  Gasteranthus Benth. : The approximately 35 species are from Guatemala and neighboring areas in Mexico , Costa Rica and Panama through western South America to Bolivia , with the center of biodiversity in western Ecuador.
  
  Reldia Wiehler : The approximately 60 species mostly thrive in mountain forests or rarely in lowland rainforests from Panama to northern Peru.
  
  Resia H.E. Moore : The two species Resia ichthyoides Leeuwenb. and Resia nimbicola H.E. Moore are found in Colombia and Venezuela.
  
  Shuaria D.A. Neill & JLClark : It contains only one species:
  Shuaria ecuadorica D.A. Neill & JLClark : This small tree, only 3 to 5 meters tall, thrives in the undergrowth in the Cordillera del Cóndor and in the Amazon region in southeastern Ecuador. Since the individual locations are very isolated, it is rated as “Near Threatened”.
  
  Tylopsacas Leeuwenb. : It contains only one type:
  Tylopsacas cuneata (Gleason) Leeuwenb. : It thrives in the mountain forest in the Guiana highlands.
- Tribus Gloxinieae (G.Don) G.Don according to EHRoalson et al. 2005: It contains about 20 genera:
  
  Schiefteller ( Achimenes Pers. ): The approximately 24 species are distributed from Mexico to Colombia including the Caribbean islands.
  
  Diastema Benth. : The over 20 species are common in the Neotropic.
  
  Eucodonia Hanst. : The only two species occur in central and southern Mexico.
  
  Gloxinella (HEMoore) Roalson & Boggan : It contains only one species:
  Gloxinella lindeniana (Regel) Roalson & Boggan : For a long time this species was only known from culture of unknown origin and was only recentlyrediscoveredin Peru ( Cajamarca ).
  
  Gloxinia L'Hér. (Syn .: Eucolum Salisb. , Fiebrigia Fritsch , Fritschiantha Kuntze , Salisia Regel ): The only three species are common in the Neotropics, mainly in the Andes .
  
  Gloxiniopsis Roalson & Boggan : It contains only one species:
  Gloxiniopsis racemosa (Benth.) Roalson & Boggan : It thrives in the Andes of Colombia .
  
  Goyazia deaf. : The only two species occur in central Brazil (Planalto).
  
  Heppiella rule : The four or so species are distributed from Peru to western Venezuela .
  
  Kohleria Regel ( Syn . : Capanea Decne. , Isoloma (Benth.) Decne. Non J.Smith , Gesneria Mart. Sect. Isoloma Benth. , Tydaea Decne. , Giesleria Rule , Sciadocalyx Rule , Brachyloma Hanst. , Calycostemma Hanst. , Cryptoloma Hanst ., Synepileana Baill. ): The scope of the genus was controversial and now contains around 17 species. The homeland is the mountain range from Peru to Mexico, Venezuela, Trinidad and the Guayanas. The center of diversity is in Colombia.
  
  Lembocarpus Leeuwenb. : It contains only one type:
  Lembocarpus amoenus Leeuwenb. : It occurs in rainforests on granite in Suriname and French Guiana .
  
  Mandirola Decne. : The only three types are common in Brazil.
  
  Monopyle Moritz ex Benth. : The approximately 17 species are distributed from Bolivia to Guatemala .
  
  Moussonia rule : The eleven species are distributed from Mexico to Panama .
  
  Niphaea Lindl. : The approximately five species occur in Mexico and Guatemala .
  
  Nomopyle Roalson & Boggan : The only two species occur in Ecuador and Peru.
  
  Pearcea rule (including Parakohleria Wiehler ): Today there are around 17 species distributed in northern South America.
  
  Phinaea Benth. : The 10 to 16 species are distributed from Mexico to Venezuela and Peru and occur in Cuba and Haiti .
  
  Seemannia rule : The approximately four species are mainly found in the Andes: Bolivia, northern Argentina and southern Peru. Seemannia sylvatica extends as far as southern Ecuador.
  
  Smithiantha Kuntze : The seven or so species are distributed from central and northern Mexico to Guatemala.
  
  Solenophora Benth : The 16 or so species are common in Central America .
- Tribus Sinningieae Fritsch : It contains only three genera that are mainly found in Brazil:
  
  Paliavana Vand. : The six or so species are distributed in eastern and southeastern Brazil.
  
  Sinningia Nees (Syn .: Alagophyla Raf. , Almana Raf. , Biglandularia Seem. , Corytholoma (Benth.) Decne. , Dircaea Decne. , Dolichodeira Hanst. , Fimbrolina Raf. , Gesnera Mart. , Lietzia Regel , Ligeria Decne. , Megapleilis Raf. , Orthanthe Lem. , Rechsteineria Regel , Rosanowia Regel , Stenogastra Hanst. , Styrosinia Raf. , Tapeinotes DC. , Tapina Mart. , Tulisma Raf. , Anodiscus Benth. And Koellikeria Regel ): The approximately 65 species are in the Neotropis, mainly distributed in southern and eastern Brazil . Including the Sinningia speciosa (Lodd.) Here, which the gardenercalled Gloxinie .
  
  Vanhouttea Lem. : The eight or so species occur in southeastern Brazil.
- Tribe Episcieae Endl. :
  
  Alloplectus Mart. : s. st. : There are only about five species left from Costa Rica to the Andes of Colombia, northern Ecuador and Peru.
  
  Alsobia Hanst. : The two species Alsobia dianthiflora (HEMoore & RGWilson) Wiehler and Alsobia punctata (Lindl.) Hanst. occur in Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica.
  
  Chrysothemis Decne. (Syn .: Tussacia Benth. , Tussacia Raf. , Tussacia Klotzsch ex Beer , Tussacia Willd. Ex Roem. & Schult. ): The approximately seven species are from Ecuador to Guatemala, in central Brazil, in the Guyana states, Venezuela and common in the Lesser Antilles .
  
  Cobananthus Wiehler : It contains only one species:
  Cobananthus calochlamys (Donn. Sm.) Wiehler : It is endemic to the Cobán regionin Alta Verapaz in Guatemala.
  
  Codonanthe (Mart.) Hanst. : The more than 20 species are widespread in the Neotropics, with the biodiversity center in the Amazon basin and southern and eastern Brazil.
  
  Codonanthopsis Mansf. : The roughly five species occur along the river system of the Amazon from Peru to Brazil.
  
  Columnea L. (Syn .: Achimenes P.Browne non Pers. , Aponoa Raf. , Bucinella Wiehler , Collandra Lem. , Eusynetra Raf. , Glycanthes Raf. , Kohlerianthus Fritsch , Pterygoloma Hanst. , Stenanthus Oerst. Ex Hanst. , Stygnanthe Hanst . , Vireya Raf. ): S. l. : The extent of the genus is controversial: with about 270 species s. l .; s. st. : 75 species, plus four previous genera, including Dalbergaria Tussac with around 90 species, Tricantha Hook. with 75 species, Ortholoma (Benth.) Hanst. and Pentadenia Hanst.
  
  Corytoplectus Oerst. : The approximately 15 species thrive at higher altitudes in the western mountain range from Panama to Bolivia and on the coast of Venezuela and in the highlands of Guyana.
  
  Crantzia Scop. : With about four species thatwere incorporatedinto the genus Alloplectus before 2005.
  
  Drymonia Mart. : The approximately 140 species are widespread.
  
  Episcia Mart. : The eight to nine species are distributed from Mexico to Peru, northern Brazil and the Guyanas, for example:
  Episcia lilacina Hanst.
  
  Glossoloma Hanst. : The approximately 22 species are distributed from Mexico to Bolivia.
  
  Nautilocalyx Hanst. (Syn .: Physodeira Hanst. , Skiophila Hanst. , Nauticalyx Hort. Ex Loud. , Episcia subgen. Physodeira Hanst. , Episcia sect. Nautilocalyx (Hanst.) Benth. , Episcia sect. Skiophila (Hanst.) Benth. , Episcia sect . Physodeira (Hanst.) Benth. , Episcia sect. Episcia subsect. Centrosolenia (Benth.) Leeuwenb. Pp, Episcia sect. Episcia subsect. Physodeira (Hanst.) Leeuwenb. , Episcia sect. Tarachanthus Leeuwenb. , Episcia sect. Trichosperma Leeuwen . ): The over 70 species are widespread in the Neotropic, only in southeastern Brazil no species occurs.
  
  Nematanthus Schrad. (Syn .: Hypocyrta Mart. 1829, pp): The 30 or so species occur in eastern Brazil.
  
  Neomortonia Wiehler : The only two or three species are distributed from Mexico via Central America to Ecuador.
  
  Oerstedina Wiehler : The only three species are distributed from Mexico to Central America.
  
  Paradrymonia Hanst. : The 34 to 70 species are distributed from Mexico to Bolivia, in northern Brazil and in the Guyanas.
  
  Rhoogeton Leeuwenb. : The two to four species occur in Venezuela and Guyana.
  
  Rufodorsia Wiehler : The four or so species are distributed from Nicaragua to Panama.

Coronantheroid Gesneriaceae (after A. Weber 2004), previously subfamily Coronatheroideae: They are woody plants. The chromosome number n = 37-45. It contains only one tribe with about nine genera and about 20 species with a distribution on the Solomon Islands , Antilles , New Caledonia and in southern South America :
- Tribus Coronanthereae Fritsch : It contains nine mostly monotypical genera:
- Genera of the Old World:
  - Coronanthera C.B. Clarke : Of the approximately eleven species, ten are found in New Caledonia and one in the Solomon Islands.
  - Depanthus S.Moore : The only two species occur only in the mountain forests of New Caledonia.
  - Fieldia Cunn. : It contains only one type:
    - Fieldia australis Cunn. : It grows on trees or moss-covered rocks in the rainforests of southeastern Australia.
  - Lenbrassia G.W. Gillett : It contains only one species:
    - Lenbrassia australiana (CTWhite) GWGillett : The two varieties thrive in northern Queensland in northeastern Australia in the rainforest over granite at altitudes between 750 and 1100 meters.
  - Negria F. Muell. : It contains only one type:
    - Negria rhabdothamnoides F.Muell. : It is endemic to Lord Howe Island .
  - Rhabdothamnus Cunn. : It contains only one type:
    - Rhabdothamnus solandri Cunn. : The home is the North Island of New Zealand.
- Genera of the New World: It contains only three monotypical genera, i.e. three species:
  - Asteranthera Hanst. : It contains only one type:
    - Asteranthera ovata Hanst. : The home is southern Chile and neighboring areas in Argentina.
  - Mitraria Cav. : It contains only one type:
    - Mitraria coccinea Cav. : The home is Chile and bordering Argentina .
  - Sarmienta Ruiz & Pav .: It contains only one species:
    - Sarmienta scandens (JDBrandis) Pers. (Syn .: Sarmienta repens Ruiz & Pav. Nom. Illeg.): It thrives in the cool rainforests in southern Chile and on the island of Chiloé .

Genera with uncertain position in the Gesneriaceae system:
- Incertae sedis:
  - Cubitanthus Barringer : It contains only one species:
    - Cubitanthus alatus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Barringer : The home is the Brazilian state of Bahia .
  - Cyrtandromea inches. : The twelve species are common in the Neotropic.
  - Sanango Bunting & Duke : It contains only one species:
    - Sanango durum Bunting & Duke : It thrives at altitudes between 300 and 750 meters in Peru .

Generic can easily crosses at closely related species hybrid produced
- Selection:
  - × Achimenantha = Achimenes × Smithiantha
  - × Achicodonia = Achimenes × Eucodonia
  - × Smithicodonia = Smithiantha × Eucodonia
  - × Gloxmannia = Gloxinia × Seemannia

No longer part of the family:
- To other families of the Lamiales are:
  - Brookea Benth. (Today it belongs to the Plantaginaceae s.lat.)
  - Charadrophila Marloth (today it belongs to the Stilbaceae )
  - Rehmannia fish. & C.Mey. : The nine or so species are only found in China. (today it belongs to the Orobanchaceae )

Danger

In 2013, 152 species of the Gesneriaceae family were registered in the IUCN's Red List of Endangered Species . For example, there are national Red Lists in Australia and South Africa, the species of which are not registered with the IUCN. So there are many more species at risk.

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The Gesneriaceae family on the AP website . (Sections systematics and description)
The Gesneriaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. (Section description)
Anton Weber, Laurence E. Skog: The Genera of Gesneriaceae : Comprehensive website on the Gesneriaceae family, 2nd edition, continuously revised from 2007, Institute of Botany, University of Vienna, Austria & Department of Systematic Biology, Botany, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA. (Section systematics)
Anton Weber: Gesneriaceae. In: Joachim W. Kadereit (Ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants . Volume 7: Flowering plants, Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae) . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2004, ISBN 3-540-40593-3 , pp. 63–158 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search). (Section systematics and description)
Wencai Wang, Kai-yu Pan, Zhen-yu Li, Anna L. Weitzman, Laurence E. Skog: Gesneriaceae. - The same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 18: Scrophulariaceae through Gesneriaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1998, ISBN 0-915279-55-X , p. 244 (English). (Sections systematics and description)
A. Chautems, 2009: Neotropical Gesneriaceae at Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics . (Sections Description and Systematics)
Ron Myhr: The Gesneriad Reference Web .
Laurence E. Skog & John K. Boggan: A new classification of the western hemisphere Gesneriaceae , In: Gesneriads , Volume 56, Issue 3, 2006, pp. 12-19.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Wencai Wang, Kai-yu Pan, Zhen-yu Li, Anna L. Weitzman & Laurence E. Skog: Gesneriaceae. - The same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 18: Scrophulariaceae through Gesneriaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1998, ISBN 0-915279-55-X , p. 244 (English).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l The Gesneriaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Anton Weber: Gesneriaceae: A Scientific Perspective
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j A. Chautems, 2009: Neotropical Gesneriaceae at Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics .
^ Conandron ramondioides at Plants For A Future
^ Anton Weber: Gesneriaceae. In: Joachim W. Kadereit (Ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants . Volume 7: Flowering plants, Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae) . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2004, ISBN 3-540-40593-3 , pp. 63–158 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
↑ Anton Weber & Laurence E. Skog, 2007: Comprehensive website on the Gesneriaceae family , since the navigation of the main page does not work at least under Firefox: genre navigation.
Jump up ↑ Mat Yunoh Siti Munirah, Zaharil Dzulkafly: Ridleyandra merohmerea (Gesneriaceae), a new species from Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia. In: PhytoKeys , Volume 89, 2017, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/ doi : 10.3897 / phytokeys.89.20344
↑ EH Roalson, JL Clark: Phylogenetic patterns of diversification in the Beslerieae (Gesneriaceae) , pp. 251-268. In: AK Sharma, A. Sharma (editors): Plant Genome: Biodiversity and Evolution, Phanerograms 1C , Science Publishers, Enfield, New Hampshire, 2006.
Jump up ↑ John L. Clark, David A. Neill, Anton Weber, Jennifer A. Gruhn & Tuntiak Katan: Shuaria (Gesneriaceae), an Arborescent New Genus from the Cordillera del Cóndor and Amazonian Ecuador , In: Systematic Botany , Volume 35, Issue 3 , 2010, pp. 662-674: doi : 10.1600 / 036364410792495917 at BioOne.
↑ JK Boggan, LE Skog, EA Zimmer: Untangling Gloxinieae (Gesneriaceae). I. Phylogenetic patterns and generic boundaries inferred from nuclear, chloroplast, and morphological cladistic data sets. In: Taxon Volume 54, No. 2, 2005, pp. 389-410.
↑ Zhi Xia, Yin-Zheng Wang, James F. Smith: Familial placement and relations of Rehmannia and Triaenophora (Scrophulariaceae sl) inferred from five gene regions. In: American Journal of Botany , 2009, Volume 96, pp. 519-530: doi : 10.3732 / ajb.0800195
^ Search for "Gesneriaceae" in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .

Web links

Commons : Gesneriaceae - Collection of images, videos and audio files

American Gloxinia and Gesneriad Society - American Gesneriaceen Society. (English)
James F. Smith, April 20, 1998: Gesneriaceae in The Tree of Life Web Project .
Gesneriaceae at PacificBulbSociety .