Lubin castle wall
| Lubin castle wall | ||
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| Alternative name (s): | Grodzisko w Lubinie | |
| Creation time : | 9th to 10th centuries | |
| Castle type : | Hill castle | |
| Conservation status: | Earthwork | |
| Construction: | Earth walls with palisades | |
| Place: | Lubin , Gmina Międzyzdroje | |
| Geographical location | 53 ° 51 '54.2 " N , 14 ° 25' 51.7" E | |
| Height: | 52 m above sea level NN | |
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The castle wall Lubin ( Polish Grodzisko w Lubinie ) is a Slavic castle wall in Lubin ( German Lebbin ) on the Polish Baltic Sea island Wolin . Excavations between 2008 and 2011 brought to light the remains of a church, an adjoining cemetery and the foundations of a medieval residential tower . It is considered likely that these are relics of the oldest Pomeranian church, which was consecrated in 1124 by the Pomeranian missionary Bishop Otto von Bamberg .
location
The castle wall is located on the highest cliff on the coast of the Szczecin Lagoon - between 43 and 52 m above sea level. The strategically favorable location made it possible to monitor the Wicko Wielkie ( Great Vietziger See ) and the entrance to the Świna ( Swine ) leading to the open Baltic Sea .
The remains of the castle ramparts on the Schneiderberg now cover an area of 1.5 hectares. The diamond-shaped area can be reached via a signposted path that branches off from the main street in Lubins at about the level of the church in the direction of the lagoon. An entrance fee of 4 złoty (as of 2018) is charged for entering the fenced area. Display boards in Polish, German and English give the visitor more information about the site. With the exception of the foundations of the residential tower, no artifacts are visible anymore. From a vantage point on the site there is a panoramic view of the lagoon, the back delta of the Świna and the Wicko Wielkie.
history
The oldest traces of settlement found are dated to the 9th or first half of the 10th century. Probably at the end of the 11th century, the settlement was surrounded by a wall. The first documentary mention, however, comes from the 12th century: When the Pomeranian missionary Otto von Bamberg came to Lubin in 1124, he consecrated an altar in the castle there , as the contemporary chronicler Herbord reports. In the 12th century, Lubin was an extensive settlement complex, consisting of the castle and four or five open settlements and a burial site. Saxo Grammaticus reports in the Gesta Danorum of the capture of the castle by troops of the Danish King Waldemar I on a campaign to Stettin in 1173. According to archaeological findings, the castle wall was destroyed during this time and then rebuilt. The castle in Lubin is mentioned for the last time in a document from 1186 or 1187, in which it is awarded to the Camminer cathedral chapter . The church on its site was consecrated to St. Nicholas . From the middle of the 13th century Lubin is referred to as a village (villa) .
Digs
At the end of the 18th century, a treasure made of Arab silver coins was discovered inside the castle ramparts. The chance find could be dated to the time shortly after the middle of the 10th century. In the years 1831 and 1840, in search of the remains of the church founded by Otto von Bamberg, the first scientific excavations were carried out, but little is known about their type and extent. However, it is known that numerous bones, ceramic shards and iron parts were found. At the highest point of the site you came across the foundations of a building that were associated with the St. Nicholas Church.
Marian Rębkowski from the Institute for History and International Relations at the University of Szczecin and Andrzej Janowski from the Institute for Archeology and Ethnology at the Polish Academy of Sciences in Szczecin led the most recent excavations on the site of the castle ramparts . They were carried out from 2008 to 2011 on more than 350 m², mainly in the western area of the castle ramparts. They led to the discovery of the remains of the St. Nicholas Church and the associated cemetery. Furthermore, remains of two phases of the castle ramparts and the foundations of a late medieval or early modern residential tower were found and the chronological sequence of the cultural layers in the north-western area of the site was clarified.
A loamy-sandy slope has been preserved from the former castle wall. Palisades could have been attached to a kind of stone foundation along the embankment . On the basis of ceramic shards found in the oldest layers of the wall, its emergence could be dated to the end of the 11th century. The found course of the ramparts shows that the castle did not cover the entire plateau. It is unclear whether it formed a complete ring or only protected the land side. After the wall was destroyed at the end of the 12th century, it was rebuilt with a slightly different course. They found 1.50 m thick remains from several layers of sand and clay, which contained small and medium-sized field stones as well as traces of burnt wooden structures. The restoration of the castle wall could be dated to the seventh to eighth decade of the 12th century using the radiocarbon method.
At the highest point of the former castle grounds, the excavators uncovered the simple foundations of the southern wall of a building oriented in an east-west direction. They consist of layers of clay and field stones of variable sizes. To the east, the building had a rectangular presbytery about four to four feet wide . Depressions in the foundation as well as imprints of rods bear witness to a wattle-and-daub wall supported by pillars . Due to the orientation of the building and the rectangular choir area, Rębkowski is certain that it was a single-nave church building. This is also supported by the discovery of 41 body graves, some of which are on top of each other, with the same east-west orientation as a Christian churchyard. The total length of the church was at least 10 m, the width more than 7 m. Since ceramic and coin finds prove that the building was constructed in the 12th century, it should be the church consecrated by Otto von Bamberg.
The church foundation is disturbed in its western part. There is a deeper and more massive foundation here. Field stones covered with lime mortar and processed corner stone blocks as well as floor tiles , fragments of roof tiles , mosaic window glass and plastering were found. It could be the remains of a tower that was added to the church. At the turn of the 13th to the 14th century the church was destroyed.
Soon after the church was built, the churchyard replaced an older burial site a few hundred meters northeast, outside the castle. The bodies had been buried there without any preferred orientation. From 2008 to 2011, the remains of 71 people were uncovered on the former castle grounds, including 41 skeletons in complete graves. Most of them were men. The average height of the men was 1.69 m, that of the women 1.56 m. The average age at death was 38 years. Coins and occasional jewelry were found on the dead. The cemetery was in use until the late 13th century.
The foundations of a residential tower from the 15th or 16th century, excavated in 2010, can be seen under a protective roof. It had an almost square floor plan with sides of 3.8 and 4 m. It had a basement and two floors, the lower of which was made of bricks and the upper was a half-timbered construction . The tower had a tiled stove and interior walls painted blue. The floor tiles were glazed, the windows glazed. The building served the Camminer provost during his visits to Lubin as a residence. The tower was demolished after Provost Ludwig von Eberstein had given the Lubin goods to Duke Johann Friedrich von Pomerania-Stettin in 1579 .
literature
- Marian Rębkowski: Archaeological witnesses of the first missionary trip of Bishop Otto in Pomerania . In: Felix Biermann , Fred Ruchhöft (ed.): Bishop Otto von Bamberg in Pomerania . Contributions to a conference on the 875th anniversary of the death of the Pomeranian missionary from June 27 to 29, 2014 in Greifswald (= Studies on the Archeology of Europe , Volume 30, 2017), pp. 149–161.
- Marian Rębkowski: Ecclesia sancti Nicolai w Lubinie. Kościół grodowy z doby pomorskich misji Ottona z Bambergu . In: Marian Rębkowski (ed.): Wolińskie Spotkania Mediewistyczne III: Kościół w dobie chrystianizacji , Stettin 2016, pp. 225–238. ISBN 978-83-7972-068-2 (Polish).
- Marian Rębkowski: Od grodu książęcego do rezydencji prepozyta kapituły. Lubin w XI – XVI wieku . In: Archaeologia Historica Polona . Volume, 2016, pp. 59–73 (Polish). doi : 10.12775 / AHP.2016.004
Web links
- private website about the site (Polish)
Individual evidence
- ^ Heinrich Berghaus : Land book of the Duchy of Pomerania and the Principality of Rügen . 2nd part band 1 . Dietze, Anklam 1865, p. 641 f . ( digital-sammlungen.de ).
- ↑ Rębkowski: Ecclesia Sancti Nicolai w Lubinie. Kościół grodowy z doby pomorskich misji Ottona z Bambergu . P. 228.
- ↑ Hans Prutz (ed.): Herbord's life of Bishop Otto von Bamberg . Duncker, Berlin 1869, p. 99 .
- ↑ Marian Rębkowski: Archaeological witness the first missionary journey Bishop Otto in Pomerania . P. 154.
- ^ Saxo Grammaticus: Gesta Danorum , Lib. XIV, c. 43 ( digitized , Latin).
- ↑ Marian Rębkowski: Od grodu książęcego do rezydencji prepozyta kapituły. Lubin w XI – XVI wieku , p. 67.
- ↑ Rębkowski: Ecclesia Sancti Nicolai w Lubinie. Kościół grodowy z doby pomorskich misji Ottona z Bambergu . P. 227.
- ↑ Marian Rębkowski: Od grodu książęcego do rezydencji prepozyta kapituły. Lubin w XI – XVI wieku , p. 61 f.
- ↑ Marian Rębkowski: Od grodu książęcego do rezydencji prepozyta kapituły. Lubin w XI – XVI wieku , p. 62.
- ↑ Marian Rębkowski: Od grodu książęcego do rezydencji prepozyta kapituły. Lubin w XI – XVI wieku , p. 66 f.
- ↑ Marian Rębkowski: Archaeological witness the first missionary journey Bishop Otto in Pomerania . P. 156 f.
- ↑ a b c Display board at the site, seen on September 7, 2018.