Caiophora

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Caiophora
Brick-red windlass (Caiophora lateritia)

Brick-red windlass ( Caiophora lateritia )

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Order : Dogwood-like (Cornales)
Family : Nettle family (Loasaceae)
Subfamily : Loasoideae
Genre : Caiophora
Scientific name
Caiophora
C. Presl

Caiophora is a genus of plants withinthe nettle family (Loasaceae). The 56 to 60 species are common in South America.

description

Illustration from Curtis's botanical magazine , Volume 133, 1907, Plate 8125 by Caiophora coronata
Foliage leaves and capsule fruit of Caiophora rosulata subsp. taraxacoides
Caiophora andina
Habit, leaves and flowers of Caiophora boliviana
Caiophora cirsiifolia
Caiophora chuquitensis

Vegetative characteristics

These are independently upright, rosette-shaped growing or climbing perennial herbaceous plants . The primary root is occasionally thickened or bulbous , and the secondary roots can also form bulbs. The above-ground parts of the plant are always covered with nettle hair.

The opposite arranged leaves are usually divided into petiole and leaf blade. The leaf blades are usually egg-shaped and pinnate or pinnate, occasionally bipinnate, only with Caiophora hibiscifolia are they pinnate in three parts.

Generative characteristics

The pendulous flowers are usually grouped in terminal inflorescences that are either symmetrical or extremely asymmetrical thyrsenic-like or dichasias , rarely the flowers are solitary in rosette plants. Under each of the flowers there are two leaf-like, frondose prophylls .

The hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and five to eight-fold with a double flower envelope . The sepals are often durable and can still be seen on the fruit. The petals are white, yellow or red. There are five groups of staminodes . The outer staminodes are fused and form a scale sheet ( nectar scale ), on the outer side of which there are three long flag-shaped green, white, red or yellow appendages that are occasionally missing. The inner staminodes are not overgrown and occasionally have excesses at the base. In five groups there are 10 to 15 fertile stamens together.

The ovary is mostly subordinate. The placenta is Y-shaped, ovules are only found on the side facing away from the axis.

The narrow cylindrical to almost spherical and occasionally twisted (twisted) capsule fruits open with three to five elongated slits, rarely ( Caiophora pulchella , Caiophora nivalis ) by means of three flaps at the upper end of the fruit. The seeds are angular.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 14 or 16.

Locations

Most Caiophora species thrive at higher altitudes (above 3000 meters) in the Andes, only a few occurrences in southern South America are at altitudes of only 800 meters.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Caiophora was established in 1835 by Carl Presl Reliquiae Haenkeanae, ... , Volume 2, Part 2, Page 41, Plate 56. Type species is Caiophora contorta (Desr. Ex Lam.) C. Presl . Synonyms for Caiophora C.Presl are: Cajophora Endl. orth. var., Gripidea Miers , Illairea Lenné & K.Koch , Raphisanthe Lilja .

The genus Caiophora belongs to the tribe Loaseae in the subfamily Loasoideae within the family Loasaceae . The genera Caiophora , Loasa , Scyphanthus and Blumenbachia are closely related.

The genus Caiophora shows great diversity with very variable kinship groups. Very common in the genus Caiophora is the formation of nature hybrids , even between relatively distantly related Caiophora species.

The Caiophora species are distributed from central Chile and Argentina via Peru , Bolivia to Ecuador . Only one species, Caiophora arechavaletae , occurs in Uruguay and southern Brazil .

The genus Caiophora contains 56 to 60 species (selection):

swell

literature

  • Maximilian Weigend: Loasaceae. In: Klaus Kubitzki (Ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants . Volume 6: Flowering Plants, Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2004, ISBN 3-540-06512-1 , pp. 248 (English, limited preview in Google Book search).
  • Markus Ackermann, Maximilian Weigend: Notes on the genus Caiophora (Loasoideae, Loasaceae) in Chile and neighboring countries. In: Darwiniana , Volume 45, Issue 1, San Isidro, 2007. Full text online.
  • Maximilian Weigend, Markus Ackermann: Los nombres antiguos en el género Caiophora (Loasáceas subfam. Loasoídeas) y una clasificación infrageérica preliminar. In: Arnaldoa , Volume 10, Issue 1, 2003, pp. 75-94. scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Maximilian Weigend: Familial and generic classification , online at the FU Berlin. , last accessed on September 28, 2017
  2. ^ Presl: Reliquiae Haenkeanae, ... , 1835: scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  3. ↑ a b Caiophora at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  4. ↑ a b Caiophora in Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Caiophora at Tropicos.org. In: 83 . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Caiophora at Tropicos.org. In: Peru Checklist . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Caiophora at Tropicos.org. In: Bolivia Checklist . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h Markus Ackermann, Maximilian Weigend: Notes on the genus Caiophora (Loasoideae, Loasaceae) in Chile and neighboring countries. In: Darwiniana , Volume 45, Issue 1, San Isidro, 2007. Full text online.

further reading

  • Marina Micaela Strelin, José Ignacio Arroyo, Stella Fliesswasser, Markus Ackermann: Diversification of Caiophora (Loasaceae subfam. Loasoideae) during the uplift of the Central Andes. In: Organisms Diversity & Evolution , Volume 17, Issue 1, March 2017, pp. 29–41. doi : 10.1007 / s13127-016-0312-4
  • AC Slanis, MC Perea, A. Grau: Revisión taxonómica del género Caiophora (Loasaceae) para Argentina: C. sleumerii una nueva especie. In: Darwiniana , Nueva Series 4, Number 2, 2016, pp. 138–191.

Web links

Commons : Caiophora  - collection of images, videos and audio files