Dream herb
| Dream herb | ||||||||||||
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| Calea ternifolia | ||||||||||||
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Dream herb ( Calea ternifolia ) also called Aztec dream grass or bitter herb, is a species of plant from the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The plant is native to tropical and subtropical Central America and has psychoactive properties.
description
The dream herb is an annual to perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of up to 3 m. The stems are partly softly hairy.
The mostly pointed to acuminate leaves are ovate to eilanzettlich or elliptical and arranged opposite. On the upper side they have a characteristic threefold, impressed vein . The more or less hairy petiole is absent or up to 1 cm long. The leaf blade, which is removed at the edge and roughly serrated to serrated, sometimes finely prickly, is up to 12 cm long and 7 cm wide. The leaves are on the underside, but sometimes also on the top, sticky-glandular like the petioles. On the top they are bald and somewhat rough, on the underside more or less hairy.
The umbrella- clustered, corymbic and stalked inflorescences of the plant are axillary or terminal and the flowers are whitish to cream-colored. The Pseudanthien are small, with up to 5-15 flowers and few, inconspicuous and female and often sticky glandular ray florets with trained tongue. The often sticky-glandular, hermaphroditic tubular flowers with recessed, eilanzettlichen lobes are with protruding, yellowish anthers tube with two- branched style with recessed branches. The flower base is small and conical and there are several chaff scales on the flowers . The more or less hairy and narrow funnel-shaped calyx is four to six rows and glandular on the outside. The blackish achenes with pappus and carpopodium are 2 to 3 mm long.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 19.
Occurrence
The dream herb occurs naturally between Mexico and Colombia . The dream herb is most often seen in the Mexican highlands of Oaxaca , Veracruz , Chiapas , Morelos and Jalisco , but also in the lowlands of the Yucatán peninsula . Occasionally the plant appears as a weed. Nevertheless, the dream herb is comparatively difficult to cultivate; it is propagated using cuttings.
ingredients
Dream herb contains various sesquiterpene lactones (zacatechinoloid, germacrene and caleocromene), which are responsible for the bitter taste. Other ingredients are flavones and a previously unidentified alkaloid . Furanone-like heliangolides such as 8β-angeloyloxy-9α-hydroxycalyculatolide were also detected in the plant. There is still insufficient research into which substance is responsible for the psychoactive effect. The active ingredient is soluble in water and alcohol, which enables aqueous and alcoholic extracts.
use
The use of Calea ternifolia to induce lucid dreams is known from Indian cultures in Central America . It is also used in these cultures to correct medical problems with the endocrine system or the digestive tract . The Chontal Indians from Oaxaca use the plant to obtain fortune-telling visions . They call the plant thle-pela-kano , the leaf of God. To obtain fortune telling dreams, the Chontal Indians take a "handful of leaves". L. Mayagoitia et al. estimate this dose at around 60 grams of fresh leaves or 1 gram of dried leaves per kilogram of body weight. These are consumed as tea or smoked.
The active ingredients of the Aztec dream grass are possibly hallucinogenic and are considered to be slightly toxic. It was shown (2016) that a methanol extract from C. ternifolia has nephrotoxic (kidney-damaging) properties on proximal HK-2 tubular cells in vitro . Future research must show whether the Calea ingredients have toxic properties on organs or in the human body ( in vivo ). The exact mechanism of action of Calea sesquiterpene lactones has not yet been clarified (as of 2008). The consumption of the leaves increases the reaction time as well as the frequency of rememberable dreams.
Legal position
Germany , Austria , Switzerland
In the Federal Republic of Germany , the Republic of Austria and Switzerland there is no legal regulation concerning Calea ternifolia .
United States
In Louisiana, USA, Calea ternifolia is illegal if it is intended for consumption.
Poland
Since March 2009 all parts of plants have been illegal in Poland.
literature
- L. Mayagoitia, JL Díaz, CM Contreras: Psychopharmacologic analysis of an alleged oneirogenic plant: Calea zacatechichi. In: Journal of ethnopharmacology. Volume 18, Number 3, December 1986, pp. 229-243, ISSN 0378-8741 . PMID 3821139 . doi : 10.1016 / 0378-8741 (86) 90002-4 .
- Wink, Michael; Ben-Erik van Wyk; Coralie Wink, Handbook of poisonous and psychoactive plants , Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, 2008. ISBN 3-8047-2425-6
- Description at Tropicos .
- James R. Wussow, Lowell E. Urbatsch, Gene A. Sullivan: Calea (Asteraceae) in Mexico, Central America, and Jamaica. In: Systematic Botany. Vol. 10, No. 3, 1985, pp. 241-267, doi: 10.2307 / 2418590 .
- James Richard Wussow: A Systematic Study of the Mexican, Central American, and Jamaican Species of the Genus Calea. Dissertation, Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College, 1981, online (PDF; 6.8 MB), at LSU Digital Commons, Louisiana State University Research, accessed October 25, 2018.
Web links
- Calea ternifolia from KEW Science, accessed October 25, 2018.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hankui Wu, Frank Fronczek u. a .: Antileishmanial Germacranolides from Calea zacatechichi. In: Planta Medica. 77, 2011, p. 749, doi : 10.1055 / s-0030-1250584 .
- ^ Ihl-Young Lee, Frank R. Fronczek et al. a .: New Germacranolides From Calea ternifolia and the Molecular Structure of 9α-Hydroxy-11,13-Dihydro-11α, 13-Epoxyatripliciolide-8β-O- [2-Methylacrylate]. In: Journal of Natural Products. 45, 1982, p. 311, doi : 10.1021 / np50021a012 .
- ↑ Nikolaus H. Fischer, Ihl-Young Lee a. a .: Three New Furanone-type Heliangolides from Calea ternifolia and the Molecular Structure of 8β-Angeloyloxy-9α-hydroxycalyculatolide. In: Journal of Natural Products. 47, 1984, p. 419, doi : 10.1021 / np50033a004 .
- ↑ JL Díaz: Ethnopharmacology and taxonomy of Mexican psychodysleptic plants. In: Journal of psychedelic drugs. Volume 11, Numbers 1-2, 1979 Jan-Jun, pp. 71-101, PMID 392121 .
- ↑ a b L. Mayagoitia, JL Díaz, CM Contreras: Psychopharmacologic analysis of an alleged oneirogenic plant: Calea zacatechichi. In: Journal of ethnopharmacology. Volume 18, Number 3, December 1986, pp. 229-243, ISSN 0378-8741 . PMID 3821139 . doi : 10.1016 / 0378-8741 (86) 90002-4 .
- ↑ ME Mossoba, TJ Flynn, S. Vohra, P. Wiesenfeld, RL Sprando: Evaluation of "Dream Herb," for nephrotoxicity Using human kidney proximal tubule Cells. In: Journal of toxicology. Volume 2016, 2016, p. 9794570, doi : 10.1155 / 2016/9794570 , PMID 27703475 , PMC 5040790 (free full text).
