Calyptrogynes
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| H. Wendl. |
Calyptrogyne is a palm genus native to Central America. They are mainly small palms with spike-shaped inflorescences. Some species are rarely used as ornamental plants.
features
The representatives are small, stemless or short-stemmed palms with pinnate leaves. They are single-stemmed, unarmed, single-sexed ( monoecious ) and blooming several times. The trunk is underground, rarely short and upright.
The chromosome number is 2n = 28.
leaves
The trunk has relatively few leaves, usually around ten. These are usually irregularly pinnate, but can also be two-part (bifid) and pinnately veined. The dead leaves remain on the trunk (Marzeszenz). The leaf sheath tears open opposite the petiole , it is densely covered with a short-lived felt felt. Long fibers sit on the edges of the vagina. The petiole is rather slender and short. It is concave on the underside, angular on the top, and sparsely hairy.
The leaflets are irregularly wide, stand apart and are folded one to several times. They run out in pointed ends, are slightly waxy and tomentose and have small scales on both sides. Large scales sit on the underside of the midrib. The midrib and one or two nerves stand out clearly on the underside.
Inflorescences
The slender inflorescences are between the leaves (interfoliar). They are mostly ears of wheat , rarely they are simply branched. The peduncle is slender, upright and very long. The cover sheet is tubular, rather thin with two flat, narrow lateral keels. It is paper to leathery, striped, somewhat scaly. It ruptures distally. It starts near the base of the peduncle.
The bract on the peduncle is round, pointed, striped, somewhat scaled and tears distally. It starts near or a short distance below the flower pits. It is often short-lived and leaves a puckered scar.
The inflorescence axis is very short and has one or two small, empty bracts. The axis diameter is often significantly larger than that of the stem. There are 7 to 11 alternate rows of bracts on the flower-bearing axis (rachilla) . The bracts are close fitting, thin, glabrous or hairy and oval on the edge. In each bract there is a triad of flowers lying in a pit. The flowers bracteoles are unequal, slightly keeled, thin, membranous and with pointed ends.
blossoms
The male flowers are slightly asymmetrical. The three sepals are free, elongated, unequal and imbricat at their base or continuously in the bud. The three petals are asymmetrical and about half their length connected to form a tube. The free tips are unequal and valvate . The six stamens have fleshy filaments that are fused with each other and with the receptaculum to form a stalk. The free lobes are thick, awl-shaped and bent back towards the flower. The anthers are arrow-shaped, dorsifix near the base and intrors. The stamp rudiment is very small. The pollen grains are ellipsoidal and mostly slightly to clearly asymmetrical. The germ opening is a distal sulcus or a trichotomosulcus. The longest axis of the pollen measures 47 to 66 micrometers.
The female flowers are also asymmetrical. Its axis facing side is curved to fit into the flower pit. The three sepals are free, unequal and imbricat. The two lateral ones are keeled, the abaxially smaller and flat one. The petals form a tube and are only free for a very short distance. The last third of the crown is thrown off like a cap for flowering, the lower part of the tube remains in the flower pit. The staminodes form a tube that is constricted in the middle and briefly six-lobed at the end. The upper part is thrown off to flower, which then clears the stigma. This inflated tube of staminodes is a distinctive feature of the genus. The ovary is dreifächrig with one ovule . He is asymmetrical three-lobed, the stylus is long and in cross-section triangular. The three stigmas are bent back to form a flower. The ovules are anatropic.
Fruits and seeds
The fruit is obovate, single-seeded and from purple to black in color when ripe. Scar remains and undeveloped carpels are basal. The exocarp is smooth, the mesocarp is fleshy with an inner layer of large fibers. The endocarp is transparent and tough. The seed is ellipsoidal, starts basal. The scar (hilum) is short, the raphe is unbranched. The endosperm is homogeneous.
Distribution and locations
The genus occurs from Mexico and Guatemala to Colombia . Representatives of the genus grow in the undergrowth of tropical rainforests, mainly in swamps and along river banks. Some species only occur up to 700 m above sea level, others again from 700 to 2200 m. The center of biodiversity is in Panama .
The flowers are pollinated by bats .
Systematics
Calyptrogyne H. Wendl. is classified within the palm family (Arecaceae) in the subfamily Arecoideae , Tribus Geonomateae . The genus is monophyletic . The relationships within the tribe are still unclear.
Internal system
In the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , the following types are recognized:
- Calyptrogyne allenii (LHBailey) de Nevers : It occurs in Panama with two subspecies.
- Calyptrogyne anomala de Nevers & AJHend. : The home is Panama.
- Calyptrogyne baudensis A.J.Hend. : The home of the species, which was only newly described in 2005, is Colombia.
- Calyptrogyne coloradensis A.J. Hend. : The home of the species that was only newly described in 2005 is Panama.
- Calyptrogyne condensata (LHBailey) Wess.Boer. : The home is Costa Rica and western Panama.
- Calyptrogyne costatifrons (LHBailey) de Nevers : The home is Panama, where it occurs in three subspecies.
- Calyptrogyne deneversii A.J. Hend . : The home of the species that was only newly described in 2005 is Panama.
- Calyptrogyne fortunensis A.J. Hend. : The home of the species that was only newly described in 2005 is Panama.
- Calyptrogyne ghiesbreghtiana (Linden & H.Wendl.) H.Wendl. : The homeland is southeastern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. It occurs in four subspecies.
- Calyptrogyne herrerae Grayum : The home is Costa Rica.
- Calyptrogyne kunorum de Nevers : The home is Panama.
- Calyptrogyne osensis A.J. Hend . : The home of the species that was only newly described in 2005 is Costa Rica.
- Calyptrogyne panamensis A.J. Hend. : The home of the species that was only newly described in 2005 is Panama. It occurs in four subspecies.
- Calyptrogyne pubescens de Nevers : The home is western Panama.
- Calyptrogyne sanblasensis A.J. Hend . : The home of the species that was only newly described in 2005 is Panama.
- Calyptrogyne trichostachys Burret : The home is Costa Rica.
- Calyptrogyne tutensis A.J. Hend. : The home of the species that was only newly described in 2005 is Panama.
Botanical history
The genus was first described by H. Wendland in 1859 . HE Moore determined Calyptrogyne spicigera (today Calyptrogyne ghiesbreghtiana ) as the lectotype in 1963 . The generic name is derived from the ancient Greek words kalyptra = hood and gyne = woman and refers to the crown of the female flowers that falls off as a hood.
The first monograph on the genus was published by Max Burret in 1930, he recognized six species. Wessels Boer recognized five species in 1968. de Nevers described two new species in 1995 and recognized a total of eight species. Andrew James Henderson increased the number of species to 18 in his 2005 paper.
While Henderson followed the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families , in Genera Palmarum 2008 the number of species is given as nine.
supporting documents
- John Dransfield, Natalie W. Uhl, Conny B. Asmussen, William J. Baker, Madeline M. Harley, Carl E. Lewis: Genera Palmarum. The Evolution and Classification of Palms . Second edition, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2008, ISBN 978-1-84246-182-2 , pp. 475-477.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Andrew Henderson: A Multivariate Study Of Calyptrogyne (Palmae) . Systematic Botany, 2005, Volume 30, pp. 60-83, doi : 10.1600 / 0363644053661913
- ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Calyptrogyne. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved February 11, 2011.
Web links
- Calyptrogyne on the homepage of the Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden