Chlorcholine chloride
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| General | |||||||||||||||||||
| Surname | Chlorcholine chloride | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Molecular formula | C 5 H 13 Cl 2 N | ||||||||||||||||||
| Brief description |
white solid |
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| properties | |||||||||||||||||||
| Molar mass | 158.07 g mol −1 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Physical state |
firmly |
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| density |
1.141 g cm −3 |
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| Melting point |
245 ° C (decomposition) |
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| solubility |
good in water (> 1000 g l −1 at 20 ° C) |
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| As far as possible and customary, SI units are used. Unless otherwise noted, the data given apply to standard conditions . | |||||||||||||||||||
Chlorcholine chloride (also chlormequat chloride , C y c o c el or CCC ) is a water-soluble quaternary ammonium compound .
use
Chlorcholine chloride is used as a phytohormone in grain cultivation ( no longer permitted in fruit cultivation ) in conventional agriculture . On cereals, it shortens the stalk through shorter internodes , so that the stability of the plant against wind and precipitation increases. In fruit growing, chlormequat promotes the formation of flowers if the growth is too strong.
The application on grain fields is preferably carried out in spring, the amount is 0.3 to 1.5 kg per hectare with a 40 to 60 day waiting period before renewed application.
health
The growth regulator has been detectable in fruits, grain, straw and flour since 1967 and may affect the fertility of ruminants , horses or rabbits . Chlormequat is considered to be genotoxic and disrupts neuromuscular conduction , but according to research so far, it is not carcinogenic . It is no longer permitted in German fruit and vegetable cultivation, but is still used in grain cultivation. In Switzerland, chlormequat was detected in thirteen out of fourteen conventional flours examined in 2016 .
For chlormequat, there are relatively high maximum residue levels for cultivated mushrooms (10 mg / kg), oats (5 mg / kg), rye (3 mg / kg) and barley and wheat (2 mg / kg) in Switzerland .
The WHO has set a permitted daily dose of 0.05 mg / kg body weight , and 0.01 mg / kg for baby food. The lethal oral dose LD 50 in rats is 400 mg / kg body weight.
Admission
Products with chlorcholine chloride as an active ingredient are approved in many EU countries, including Germany and Austria, as well as Switzerland. Since the patent protection has expired, it is sold under various trade names and is by far the cheapest means of regulating the growth of grain. In Germany it is still approved until 2020 (as of 2015).
Chemical properties
Chlormequat chloride is a white solid and a derivative of chlormequat. From 239–245 ° C it decomposes into hydrochloric acid and trimethylamine, among other things . It is a white to yellowish hygroscopic powder with a characteristic odor.
Web links
- Federal Institute for Consumer Health Protection and Veterinary Medicine : Chlormequat residues in baby food , BgVV opinion of February 25, 2002 (PDF; 27 kB)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Entry on chlormequat chloride in the GESTIS substance database of the IFA , accessed on January 8, 2018(JavaScript required) .
- ↑ Entry on Chlormequat chloride in the Classification and Labeling Inventory of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), accessed on February 1, 2016. Manufacturers or distributors can expand the harmonized classification and labeling .
- ↑ Data sheet Chlormequat chloride at Sigma-Aldrich , accessed on May 14, 2017 ( PDF ).
- ↑ Lucas' Instructions for Fruit Growing, 31st edition 1992, p. 207.
- ↑ Recommendation of 'Bayer CropScience' for Germany, product CCC720.
- ↑ On the safe side with organic flour. (PDF; 851 KB) In: bioaktuell.ch. March 9, 2016, accessed February 19, 2019 .
- ↑ Ordinance of the EDI on the maximum levels for pesticide residues in or on products of plant and animal origin. In: admin.ch . Retrieved February 6, 2020 .
- ↑ General Directorate Health and Food Safety of the European Commission: Entry on chlormequat in the EU pesticide database; Entry in the national registers of plant protection products in Switzerland , Austria and Germany ; accessed on March 13, 2016.
- ↑ List of the approved plant protection products in Germany from the BVL