Dai Mangong
Dài Màngōng ( Japanese 戴曼公 ; born March 22, 1596 in the Rénhé district of the Hángzhōu prefecture , Zhèjiāng province , China ; † December 24, 1672 in Nagasaki , Japan ), also Dokuryū Shōeki ( 独立性 易 ), was a Chinese Confucian , Poet and calligrapher who emigrated to Japan, became a monk and made a name for himself there too. As an epithet he first used Zǐchén ( 子 辰 ), later Màngōng. In Japan he signed his works with Héchú rén ( 荷 鉏 人 - "A freer from burdens"), Tiānwài yīxián rén ( Chinese 天 外 一 閒人 - "A loafers in the distance"), Tiānwài lǎorén ( 天 外 老人 - "Old man in the distance ") u. at the
Life
Dài Màngōng grew up in the final stages of the Ming Dynasty . Details of his childhood and adolescence are not known. The father died in 1620, the following year a fire destroyed the family's property. He then decided to study Confucianism and medicine. His teacher Gōng Tíngxián ( 龔 廷 賢 , 1522-1619) had published in 1587 a "cure for all diseases" ( 病 病 回春 , Wàn bìng huíchūn ) with 1000 recipes, which also became famous in Japan.
The apparently talented and well-trained Dài received a position at the imperial court, where he soon made a name for himself as a poet and calligrapher. According to tradition, however, he resigned from the civil service because he did not get along with the notorious court eunuch Wèi Zhōngxián , and operated a withdrawn medical practice.
The raging fighting at the time between supporters of the Ming dynasty against the Manchu advancing from the north devastated the country and continued in the south for more than two decades after the capture of Beijing and the accession of the first Manchu emperor in 1644. Some of the refugees moved to Japan, including Dài Màngōng, who landed in Nagasaki in 1653 at the age of 58 on the ship of a Vietnamese merchant . For the time being he found accommodation with two compatriots: Egawa Nittoku ( 頴 川 入 徳 , Chinese name Chén Míngdé 陳 明 徳 ), who lived in Nagasaki since 1627, and Shu Shunshui ( 朱 舜 水 , Chinese name Zhū Zhīyú 朱 之 瑜 , 1600–1682), who left Japan a little later to finally relocate in 1659.
In 1654 the eminent Ingen Ryūki (Chinese 隱 元 隆 琦 , Yǐnyuán Lóngqí ), invited by his compatriot Itsunen Shōyū ( 逸 然 性 融 , Chinese Yìrán Xìngróng), arrived together with 20 other monks and a group of artisans. As early as 1629 emigrants from the southern province of Fujian had built the Sōfuku Temple ( Sōfuku-ji ) in Nagasaki . Itsunen Shoyu left Ingen the office of high priest. A little later, the Confucian educated Dài Màngōng Ingen asked for admission to the monastic state, which this granted him. From now on he led the monk name Dokuryū Shōeki.
Ingen promoted the spread of the Ōbaku school , and Dokuryū, who was only a few years his junior, assisted him as a learned secretary on several trips. In 1658 he accompanied Ingen to an audience with the Shogun Tokugawa Ietsuna in Edo . Dokuryū's poems, calligraphies and ink paintings were also praised here. The learned, influential Imperial Councilor Matsudaira Nobutsuna (1596–1662) took a great interest in him and would have liked to keep him in Edo, but because of an illness, Dokuryū decided to return to Nagasaki. While he was curing his leg problems, he wrote a pamphlet on calligraphy and introduced the seal-cutting technique of the Ming Dynasty, which was not yet known in Japan.
In 1661 he was invited to Iwakuni by the feudal lord ( Daimyō ) Kikkawa Hiromasa ( 吉川 広 正 ) and his son Hiroyoshi ( 吉川 広 嘉 ) . The local wooden bridge over the flat but wide Nishiki ( Nishikigawa ) River was repeatedly destroyed by floods. Hiroyoshi heard from Dokuryū that there was a long six-arched bridge in Hangzhou with stone foundations. The " Brocade Sash Bridge " ( 錦 帯 橋 , Kintai-kyō ) built on this in 1673 spans a distance of 193.3 meters with five arches. During his stay in Iwakuni, Dokuryū also instructed Ikeda Seichoku / Masanao ( 池田 正直 , 1597–1677), who was in the service of the fief, about the diagnosis and treatment of the dreaded smallpox. Dokuryū also gained a good reputation as a doctor, which led to further invitations. He spent the year 1662 with medical assistance in various regions of Western Japan.
In 1665 he was called to the Fukuju Temple ( 福聚 寺 , Fukuju-ji ) in Kokura , newly founded by the sovereign Ogasawara Tadazane, as secretary to the Ōbaku Zen monk Sokuhi Nyoitsu (Chinese: Jífēi Rúyī, 即 非 如一 ) . In the spring of 1672 two of his grandchildren came to Japan, in November he blessed the temporal in the Sōfuku temple in Nagasaki at the age of 78. His urn was transferred to the Mampuku-ji in Uji , the main temple of the Ōbaku school.
Dokuryū Shōeki, sometimes also called Ōbaku Dokuryū, is best known to posterity as a calligrapher and poet. Many of his works are now guarded in the Tokyo National Museum . Some can also be found in western museums ( Worcester Art Museum , Indianapolis Museum of Art , Cleveland Museum of Art ). In 1718 his pupil Kō Gentai ( 高 玄 岱 , 1649–1722) built a simple memorial hall ( Taikeidō 戴 渓der ) with a wooden sculpture of the seated Dokuryū in the Heirin Temple ( Heirin-ji 平 der) in Musashi Province (today in the city of Niiza , Saitama Prefecture ) and a statue of Kannon .
His instructions on smallpox , which were widely spread by the Ikeda family, also had a strong influence . They include detailed descriptions of the symptoms of the individual stages of the disease, the color, consistency of the smallpox pustules, the changes in the lip area and the tongue, give the respective prognosis for the further course and all kinds of recipes. Ikeda Seichoku's descendants improved and from then on spread the teachings of Tai Mankō (= Dài Màngōng) as smallpox doctors. During the epidemic of 1777, the success of the grandson Ikeda Zuisen ( 池田 瑞 仙 , 1734-1816) caused a sensation, and when the central government set up a medicine academy in 1798, he was appointed to Edo as a lecturer.
Works
- Shyu, Shing-ching (ed.): The Complete Works of Dokuryū Shōeki . Taip'ei: Taiwan National University Press, 2015. ( 徐興慶: 獨立性 易 全集. 臺北市: 臺灣 大學 出版 中心 )
literature
- Ōtsuki, Mikio (ed.): Ōbakubunka jinmei jiten (personal dictionary of the Ōbaku culture). Kyōtō: Shibunkaku Shuppan, 1988 ( 大 槻 幹 郎: 『黄 檗 文化 人名 辞典』. 思 文 閣 出版 )
- Shyu, Shing-ching: Nicchū bunkakōryū no denba to eikyō - Tokugawa shoki no Dokuryū zenshi wo chūshin ni (spread and influence of the Japanese-Chinese cultural exchange). Hikaku Nihongaku Kyōiku Kenkyu Senta Kenkyu nenpō, Ochanomizu University, 2011 ( 徐興慶.日中文化交流の伝播と影響ー徳川初期の獨立禅師を中心に「比較日本学教育研究センター研究年報」お茶の水大学 )
Notes, individual references
- ↑ In the Chinese lunar calendar the 24th day of the 2nd month in the 24th year of the motto Wanli
- ↑ In the Japanese lunar calendar the 6th day of the 11th month in the 12th year of the Kanbun currency
- ↑ Egawa made great contributions to the development of Obama's hot springs ( onsen ) (now part of Unzen ) for health care and the cure of diseases.
- ↑ Shu Shunshui came to Japan several times to campaign for support for the Ming forces against the Manchu. In 1659 he was given permission to stay in the country. Since 1664 he enjoyed the protection of Tokugawa Mitsukuni and exerted a strong influence on the development of the so-called Kogaku ( 古 学 ).
- ↑ Jífēi Rúyī came to Japan in 1657 at the invitation of Ingen.
- ↑ The Heirin Temple, which belongs to the Zen Buddhism of the Rinzai school, was expanded into the family temple of the Matsudaira by the son of the above-mentioned imperial councilor Matsudaira Nobutsuna.
Web links
- "Daruma" (Bodhidharma) hanging scroll in the Worcester Art Museum
- Scroll "Prize for Autumn Lute" by Dokuryū Shōeki (Tokyo National Museum)
- Taikeidō Genk Hall in Heirin Temple ( Niiza City , Saitama Prefecture)
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Dai, Mangong |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Dài, Màngōng; 戴 曼 公 (Chinese); Dokuryū Shōeki (monk name, Japanese); 独立 性 易 (Japanese) |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Chinese Confucian, poet and calligrapher, monk of the Buddhist Ōbaku school |
| DATE OF BIRTH | March 22, 1596 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Hángzhōu, Zhejiang Province, China |
| DATE OF DEATH | December 24, 1672 |
| Place of death | Nagasaki , Japan |