Danism

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

As Danismus an expression or meaning of which is Danish language referred to in a different language has been incorporated. This can affect all areas of a language system , from sound to form theory , syntax and semantics , to vocabulary, language use and language level (technical language, everyday language, slang).

If the adoption is accepted by the language community, the terms are adopted as foreign and loan words or as a new sentence construction.

Danisms in German

In German , there are comparatively few Danismen.

Borrowings

Excavation of a Køkkenmødding near Ertebølle , 1890s.
Smörrebröd with mackerel and scrambled eggs.

Only a few lexemes got into German through language contact with Scandinavian languages. In the 19th century, German interest in Old Norse mythology and poetry grew, and some words from Old Norse found their way into German.

Flounder was borrowed from Danish - via Low German - (Danish flynder ). The successful comedy by the playwright Ludvig Holberg Den politiske Kandestøber (1722) led to the term Kannegießer for a political gossip in German .

The loan translations Erlkönig (Danish: Elverkonge ), Northern lights (Danish: nordlys ) and allied rhyme (Danish: stavrim ) are also of Danish origin . Through the work of the Danish naturalist Japetus Steenstrup , the technical term Køkkenmødding also established itself in the German-speaking area. The prefixes for units of measurement in the International System of Units include the word Atto for 10 −18 (one trillionth ) after Danish. atten for eighteen.

Since foreign words are adopted in areas with lively cultural contact, more recent borrowings come from tourism : In travel literature, the idyllic word hyggelig is often used without it having become generally accepted.

Commuters and migrants sprinkle Danish expressions into the German vocabulary if a German equivalent is missing, for example hegnssynet or andelsbolig . Even in the Scandinavian specialist company, danisms - with German pronunciation, consciously or unintentionally - are used wherever specific Danish phenomena such as “Dronningerunde” or “Folkehøjskole” are discussed.

Especially in Schleswig-Holstein dialects, the word sin has established itself in a different meaning. It is often used as an exclamation (Oh, how sin!). The expression is derived from "Det er synd", which corresponds to the standard German "That's a shame".

Example: Smörrebröd

The Smörrebröd (Danish Smørrebrød ) found its way into the German language in the 1960s and 1970s and established itself in the 1980s with adapted spelling and grammar. 1986 Smörrebröd was included in the Duden . Since the 1990s, Danish dictionary editors have also chosen the translation “smørrebrød - Smörrebröd”, which was uniform after the turn of the millennium. Smörrebröd usually describes a meal that is perceived as genuinely Danish. The borrowing filled a term gap in German and was "taken over with the things themselves" (cf. for example pizza, raclette or fast food).

Transfer error

When speaking foreign languages , Danish native speakers make transfer errors, as do translators who translate from Danish into the native target language. The relative proximity of the North Germanic to the German language in particular means that transfer errors, for example wrong friends , go unnoticed.

In the area of syntax word order is reversed as a common phenomenon, such as the simple location-based name Brorfelde observatory to German Brorfelde Observatory held correctly Brorfelde Observatory and Danish Roskilde Municipality to German Roskilde municipality instead municipality Roskilde.

Schleswig / Sønderjylland

Danisms play a complex role in Schleswig . Fjoldemål (Viöler Danish) was spoken in the south of Schleswig until the 19th century , and Sønderjysk is still spoken today near the border . Petuh (a pidgin language ) spoken in the border town of Flensburg also uses Danish vocabulary.

Many place names in southern Schleswig are of Old Danish or Old Norse origin - for example places with the ending -by ( by = German 'place'), -rup, -trup, -torp and -wig / -vig (as in Schleswig). The German-Danish border of place names runs roughly from Eckernförde to Husum .

Danisms in the other Scandinavian languages

Important information is missing from this article or section. Help Wikipedia by researching and pasting it .

Through the centuries-long dominance of the Danish in the Danish general government that were Norwegian , Faroese and Icelandic affected. An active language policy to "clean up" the language was and is being pursued here. The dialect continuum between these languages ​​in a north-westerly direction may stand in the way, which is particularly evident in Bokmål .

With the introduction of the Reformation (1536), the Norwegian language fell on the defensive, and Danish became the guideline for general linguistic usage. Services were held in Danish, and the Bible (1550) hymn books and Luther's catechism were printed in this standard language. In addition, the King from Copenhagen encouraged the immigration of Danish, Swedish and German traders and workers, which had a lasting impact on vocabulary and written language. This linguistic-historical phase is usually set to the period 1536/1550 to 1800/1814.

See also: Faroese Language Policy

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Albrecht Plewnia: language contact. Influences of other languages ​​on German . In: Hans-Jürgen Krumm u. a. (Ed.), German as a Foreign and Second Language. An international handbook , Vol. 1, Berlin 2010, pp. 439–447, p. 442.
  2. ^ Hans-Peter Naumann : Scandinavian / German . In: Werner Besch u. a. (Ed.), History of Language. A manual , 4th part, Berlin a. a. 2004, pp. 3282-3290, p. 3288.
  3. ↑ Diercks, W. (2011): What a beautiful book, I'm looking forward to it . in: Schleswig-Holstein newspaper publisher. Flensburg.
  4. ↑ Duden. Spelling of the German language and foreign words , 19th edition, Mannheim u. a. 1986, p. 638.
  5. ↑ See Renate Wahrig-Burfeind: Fremdworts im Deutschen , in: dies., Wahrig Fremdwortlexikon , Gütersloh / Munich 2007, pp. 11–15, p. 12.
  6. ↑ In detail at Vibeke Winge: History of the German-Scandinavian language border . In: Werner Besch u. a. (Ed.), History of Language. A manual , 4th part, Berlin a. a. 2004, pp. 3380-3390.
  7. ^ Frisian Studies II - Contributions from the Föhrer Symposium on Frisian Philology from 7th to 8th April 1994 . In: Volkert F. Faltings, Alastair G. H. Walker and Ommo Wilts (eds.): Frisian studies . tape 2 . Odense University Press, Odense 1995, pp. 135 .
  8. ^ Henning Unverhau: Studies on the historical development of the country between Schlei and Eider in the Middle Ages . In: Offa Band . tape 69 . Neumünster 1990.
  9. ↑ Hildegunn Otnes, Bente Aamotsbakken: Tekst i tid og rom. Norsk språkhistorie , Det Norske Samlaget, Oslo 2000, p. 96 ff.
  10. ↑ See also Arne Torp / Lars S. Vikør: Hovuddrag i norsk språkhistorie , Oslo 3rd edition 2003. ISBN 82-05-31592-2 . P. 120 ff.

literature

  • Gregorius Laforet (Georg Forck): Lingua Germanica in ore danico. This is an unpredictable instruction how a German speaking Dane has to avoid different Danism in a German speech , Copenhagen 1726.