Load control

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Load control or Demand-Side-Management (DSM for short) or Demand-Side-Response (DSR) refers to the control of the demand for network-based services from customers in industry, trade and private households. They relate to energy consumption as well as water consumption and the use of transport infrastructure in cities with cars. By the demand-side management , it usually comes to a reduction in demand, without having to increase the offer.

Frequent financial incentives, such as special tariffs, with which, for example, low-load control is possible, serve as incentives for influencing . In addition, numerous other measures are possible (e.g. PR campaigns, investments in the networks to eliminate network losses or even usage bans). Initially, demand-side management was developed in the energy industry.

Various developments in the energy industry make intelligent load control increasingly attractive for network operators and end customers in western countries. These include u. a. the restructuring of the energy industry as a result of its liberalization and the resulting problems such as B. the increasing price volatility and security of supply during high electricity demand. In addition, load control through intelligent power grids is important for converting the energy supply to sustainable production methods as part of the energy transition .

Procedure

In the event of bottlenecks in power generation (e.g. if a large power plant fails ) or if there is a great need for electrical energy ( peak load at lunchtime) or if there is a disruption in network operation and the result of underfrequency , remote control - in the low-voltage network usually via a ripple control system  - Devices that use electricity can be switched off and on again by load shedding .

Industrial consumers such as aluminum smelters or heat pump heating in private households can be switched off for a certain period of time without impairing the work process. In such cases, a contract regulates how long and which electrically operated devices may be switched off. In such cases, the customer receives a price reduction on his general electricity tariff. Also, no systems may be switched off that are (vitally) important for safety and for the consumer (e.g. alarm systems , lighting in dark corridors and rooms, computer systems).

Without a central control of load shedding by electricity supply companies , consumers can be financially rewarded with variable tariffs for shifting their electricity requirements from peak load times.

Load management in practice

Load management for commercial electricity consumers and end customers

In Germany, large consumers of at least 50 MW can be financially compensated for spontaneous load shedding through the ordinance on loads that can be switched off. Large consumers with atypical network use are generally made cheaper by the electricity network fee ordinance .

Load control has been operated by the Saarbrücker Stadtwerke for many years . Here, the freezers and refrigerators in supermarkets are switched off for a certain time. The thermostats are set in advance so that they cool or freeze the food at a slightly lower temperature. If the power supplier disconnects the refrigerator from the power supply by remote control, it can remain switched off for approx. 1 to 2 hours before it has to be switched on again in order to protect the food from thawing.

Load management in water management

In numerous cities (e.g. Frankfurt am Main , Singapore , Windhoek ), measures of demand-side management have succeeded in decoupling water consumption from economic and population growth, resulting in zero growth or even a decline of consumption came.

A load management project of around 32 MW is currently being built on Lake Constance. The Süßenmühle lake pumping station in Sipplingen, Baden-Württemberg, pumps water from Lake Constance into a treatment plant at an altitude of 300 meters every day. From there the water is distributed to over 4 million households in Baden-Württemberg. The electricity-consuming pumping process to overcome the considerable difference in altitude of 300 meters has so far been carried out according to a fixed time schedule, which was not based on the course of the electricity exchange price and hardly on the network utilization. In a joint project led by Fraunhofer IWES in cooperation with the Zweckverband Bodensee-Wasserversorgung and the Cologne-based energy company Next Kraftwerke , a concept was created that synchronizes the pumping process of the lake water into the treatment plant with the electricity price: whenever the electricity price is low and in abundance If electricity from renewable energies is available in the power grid, lake water is pumped - if the electricity price increases as a result of increasing electricity demand, the pumps are throttled or switched off. Restrictions imposed by the pumping station or the association ensure that the water supply is not impaired at any time.

Further development trends

Load control measures have seen a significant increase in research interest in recent years . While only a few dozen research papers on the topic were published in the entire 1990s, the number has risen sharply since the turn of the millennium . In 2000/2001 almost 100 papers appeared, while in 2009/10 around 1,000 studies were published. In 2011/2012 the number rose to 1,760 new papers .

Due to increasing global warming , but also due to demographic change, it will in future be necessary to influence demand in many regions of the world in water management due to seasonal or prolonged water scarcity. Water supply companies have already dealt extensively with the topic in recent years.

Due to the increase in fluctuating electricity generation by photovoltaic and wind power plants , load control will become increasingly important, along with other measures. In Great Britain and the USA, mechanisms are being tested in which household appliances such as refrigerators, but also dryers and electric boilers, are delayed or switched on and off prematurely depending on the mains frequency. They thus contribute to the primary control . A prominent field trial by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory tested the so-called Grid Friendly Appliance Controller in 200 devices in Washington State. RLtec carried out another field test in the UK with household appliance manufacturer Indesit and energy supplier npower . In Germany, the use of demand side management is currently being investigated in two pilot projects by the German Energy Agency (dena) in cooperation with many companies. One of the goals is to test processes for analyzing and marketing DSM potential in companies and to develop standardized procedures and processes.

To increase global sustainable development , the International Energy Agency IEA is also carrying out a DSM research program in association with 15 countries, including Switzerland, Austria and Italy. Positive impact on the reliability and security of energy systems , the emissions of CO 2 and pollutants , as well as system cost and price volatility "toolbox" are for a kind governments and energy companies are achieved.

The reserve power in the energy sector made available through DSM measures can in principle also be traded as a minute reserve or on the intraday spot market of the European Energy Exchange . The targeted influencing of the consumer load can be planned here, in contrast to the above case of providing primary control power . So z. B. the start of dishwashers can be delayed or brought forward, whereby positive or negative reserve power can be provided. It should be noted here that calling up reserve power requires another call on the day with the opposite sign , since the total load over the day remains unchanged due to load shifts over time.

See also

literature

  • Simon Guy: Managing Water Stress: The Logic of Demand Side Infrastructure Planning . Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 1 (1996): 123-130.
  • Serafin von Roon, Thomas Gobmaier, Malte Huck: Demand Side Management in Households - Methods for Potential Analysis and Cost Estimation . Research Center for Energy Industry e. V. 2010.
  • Michael Stadler: The relevance of demand-side-measures and elastic demand curves to increase market performance in liberalized electricity markets: The case of Austria. Dissertation, Vienna University of Technology 2003.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Farshid Shariatzadeh et al. Demand response for sustainable energy systems: A review, application and implementation strategy . In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 45, (2015), 343-350, S. doi : 10.1016 / j.rser.2015.01.062
  2. ↑ Tom Koenig's minus 50% water possible. Frankfurt am Main 1995 and Cecilia Tortajada, Singapore: An exemplary case for urban water management. International Journal of Water Resources Development 22 (2006), pp. 227-240
  3. ↑ Next Kraftwerke opens up 32 megawatts of flexibility on Lake Constance. Retrieved October 5, 2017 .
  4. ↑ "EnWasser" project website. Fraunhofer IWES and Zweckverband Bodensee-Wasserversorgung, accessed on October 5, 2017 .
  5. ↑ See the overview in Steven Renzetti Incorporating demand-side information into water utility operations and planning in: J. Chenoweth and J. Bird (Eds.) The business of water supply and sustainable development. London (Green Leaf) 2005, pp. 20-30
  6. ↑ Forecast from 2010: Dynamic simulation of the power supply 2020 (PDF; 2.38 MB)
  7. ↑ Joe Short (2005): A dynamically-controlled refrigerator (PDF; 220 kB)
  8. ↑ Grid Friendly ™ Controller Helps Balance Energy Supply and Demand ( Memento of the original from July 2, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / gridwise.pnl.gov
  9. ↑ Indesit Company joins RLtec and npower for Europe's largest smart grid trial (press release of October 26, 2009) ( Memento of the original of January 27, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rltec.com
  10. ^ IEA Demand Side Management (DSM) , International Energy Agency in: Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology , accessed on December 16, 2013.
  11. ↑ Demand Side Management in Households - Methods for Potential Analysis and Cost Estimation (FfE 2010) (PDF; 771 kB)

Web links