The risen one by the lake of Tiberias

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Raphael , The Commission of Peter , 1515.

The Risen One at the Lake of Tiberias is the passage in John 21 of the New Testament in which Jesus appeared to his disciples after his resurrection and spoke to Peter. Here Jesus reestablishes fellowship with Peter after he has denied him. He gives Peter the task of looking after his sheep. It is the last encounter with Jesus in the Gospel of John.

background

Jesus resurrection

According to the New Testament witnesses, Jesus rose from the dead and appeared to his disciples ( 1 Cor 15.43  EU ). In the Gospel of John several encounters with the risen one are reported:

The episode at the Lake of Tiberias is the fourth and last encounter with the risen One.

Denial of Peter

All four Gospels tell of Peter denying discipleship three times before the rooster crowed three times. The Synoptic Gospels record that Peter wept bitterly afterwards. John does not tell this detail. For this he describes the restoration of fellowship with Jesus. In Mark 16.7  EU , women are instructed to tell the disciples that they should go back to Galilee with Peter.

William de Brailes , Christ Appearing on the Lake of Tiberias , about 1250.

Paul Barnett notes on the reconciliation of Jesus with Peter in John 21 that Jesus forgives him, but is also strict with him.

Meet at the lake

John 21 reports that Peter and Thomas , Nathanael , John , James and two other disciples fished all night on the lake of Tiberias , but did not catch a single fish. In the morning they see Jesus standing on the bank, but do not recognize him. He tells them to go out again and cast their net on the other side. When they do this, they catch 153 fish without breaking their net.

When the disciples go ashore, Jesus has already prepared a coal fire with bread and fish. After the meal, Jesus speaks to Peter.

Jesus' threefold question to Peter

Parallels to Peter's denial

On the morning of Good Friday, Peter denied Jesus three times. When asked three times by Jesus at the lake of Tiberias, Peter says that he loves him. William Hendriksen notes the similarities between the two episodes. Ben Witherington thinks that Peter is returning to the scene, so to speak, and doing it right this time.

"Do you love me more than this?"

Jesus asks Peter: “Simon do you love me more than these?” The original Greek text does not clearly describe what it refers to. Donald A. Carson gives three options to choose from:

  1. Do you love me more than you love these disciples?
  2. Do you love me more than your fishing gear
  3. Do you love me more than these disciples do?

Carson himself prefers the third option. Adrienne von Speyr thinks that Jesus expects Peter to love him more than John.

Two words that are translated with love in German

The dialogue between Jesus and Peter contains two different words in the original Greek text, both of which are translated with love in German. Many commentators , but not all, keep this distinction for significant. The one word is agapao , the verb of agape , and phileo , the verb of philia . The dialog can thus be described as follows:

  • Jesus asks: "<Agapas> you me?"
  • Peter answers: "I <phileo> you."
  • Jesus asks: "<Agapas> you me?"
  • Peter answers: "I <phileo> you."
  • Jesus asks: "<Phileis> you me?"
  • Peter replies: "I <phileo> you."
Peter Paul Rubens , Christ commissioned Peter , around 1616

Luther 2017 and 1984, as well as Gute Nachrichten , BasisBibel , and Einheitsüberetzung ignore this distinction in the original text and use the same German words for agapao and phileo.

The Mengebibel , New Geneva Translation , Schlachter Bible and Zurich Bible translate agapas with “do you love me” and phileis with “do you love me”.

Ben Witherington thinks that the third time Jesus graciously condescends to the level of Peter. In contrast to this, William Hendriksen thinks that with the third question Jesus is questioning Peter's affection.

Other commentators such as Donald A. Carson disagree with the idea of ​​distinguishing the two words. Thomas J. Lane said: “It has been debated since the early centuries whether it mattered for Peter to respond with a different love verb and for the third question, where Jesus used the same love verb as Peter. Over the centuries the opinion has spread that the two verbs of love were used interchangeably in this Gospel. ”( John 21.15-17  EU ) Craig S. Keener does not attach particular importance to the use in the text.

In The Lord, Romano Guardini thinks that the second and third questions from Jesus mean that Peter never answers again with the old trust. Peter becomes more humble and sees the consequences of his threefold betrayal.

Peter is appointed shepherd

The gold inscriptions in St. Peter's Basilica refer to John 21; in the left arm of the transept: DICIT TER TIBI PETRE IESUS DILIGIS ME? CUI TER O ELECTE RESPONDENS AIS: O DOMINE TU QUI OMNIA NOSTI TU SCIS QUIA DILIGO TE ("Three times Jesus says to you, Peter: Do you love me? Three times, chosen one, you answer: Lord, you know everything, you know that I am love you ”); in the choir: O PASTOR ECCLESIAE TU OMNES CHRISTI PASCIS AGNOS ET OVES • ΣΥ ΒΟΣΚΕΙΣ ΤΑ ΑΡΝΙΑ, ΣΥ ΠΟΙΜΑΙΝΕΙΣ ΤΑ ΠΡΟΒΑΤIΑ XΡΙΣΤΟΥ (“Shepherd of the Church, you feed all the lambs and sheep of Christ”; Latin and Greek).

In response to Peter's answer, Jesus said three times: “Feed my lambs”. So Jesus renews the commission to Peter that he gave in Matthew 16  EU . The people of God are more often equated in the Bible with a flock of sheep. Thus, Peter is entrusted with the people of God. The meaning of the Latin word pastor is shepherd.

The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913 based on this biblical passage and Matthew 16 : 18-19  EU the papal title vicarius Christi - "Representative of Christ on earth". Protestant theologians like DA Carson naturally do not share this view. From an Orthodox perspective, Victor Potapov argues that the command “graze!” Does not establish ultimate primacy, but the responsibility of the community of shepherds to follow.

Jesus' prediction of the death of Peter

Jesus describes the future of Peter and says: "But when you get old, you will stretch out your hands and someone else will gird you and lead you where you don't want to go" Jn 21:18  EU . The author of the Gospel interprets this as a reference to the martyrdom of Peter (John 21:19). According to the apocryphal Acts of Peter , he was crucified upside down.

"Follow me"

In Joh 21,19  EU the previous verse is interpreted as a prediction of death and Jesus calls Peter again to follow him.

Reading order

Catholic

John 21, 1–19 (optionally only 1–14) is the gospel on the 3rd Sunday of Easter in reading year  C. In reading year A, the gospel on the 3rd Sunday of Easter is the Emmausperikope ; however, where Easter Monday is celebrated as a holiday, the Emmaus Gospel is assigned to it in all reading years and the 3rd Sunday of Easter also in reading year A John 21, 1–14.

Also on Friday, the Octave of Easter, in the commission of acolyte and extraordinary minister of holy communion and in the votive Mass Eucharist is John 21: 1-14 used.

John 21, 1.15–17 is on the commemoration days of Pius V , Pius X and Fabian , in the communes of the pastors of the Church , at the dispensation of ordinations and at the votive masses for the Holy Church, for the Pope and for the bishops and read for the priests .

On the eve of Solemnity Peter and Paul and on the Friday of the 7th Easter week, John 21, 1.15–19 will be read.

Evangelical

In the pericope order , John 21: 1-14 is on the 1st Sunday after Easter of the III series. and John 21, 15-19 on the 2nd Sunday after Easter of the IV series.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Paul Barnett , John: The Shepherd King (Sydney South: Aquila Press, 2005), 314.
  2. ^ William L. Lane , The Gospel According to Mark ( NICNT ; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans , 1971), p. 589.
  3. ^ Paul Barnett , John: The Shepherd King (Sydney South: Aquila Press, 2005), p. 321.
  4. ^ William Hendriksen (London: Banner of Truth , 1961), The Gospel of John , p. 486.
  5. ↑ Ben Witherington , What Have They Done with Jesus? Beyond Strange Theories and Bad History - Why We Can Trust the Bible (New York: HarperOne , 2006), p. 73.
  6. ^ DA Carson , The Gospel According to John (Leicester: Apollos , 1991), pp. 675-676.
  7. ^ Adrienne von Speyr: The birth of the church: meditations on John 18-21 . Ignatius Press, San Francisco 1991, ISBN 0-89870-368-9 (English).
  8. ↑ agapao & Phileo in Peter's Restoration . Acts 17:11 Bible Studies. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
  9. ↑ Ben Witherington , What Have They Done with Jesus? , P. 74.
  10. ^ William Hendriksen , John , p. 488.
  11. ^ DA Carson , John , pp. 676-677.
  12. ^ Thomas J. Lane: The Primacy of Saint Peter . Ed .: The Catholic Priesthood: Biblical Foundations. Emmaus Road Publishing, 2016, ISBN 978-1-945125-09-6 .
  13. ^ A b Romano Guardini: The Lord (Gateway ed.) . Regnery Publishing, 1954, ISBN 0-89526-714-4 , pp. 489-490 .
  14. ↑ Vicar of Christ . In: Catholic Encyclopedia . Volume 15 ( wikisource.org [accessed May 5, 2019]).
  15. ^ DA Carson , John , 678.
  16. ^ Victor Potapov: Primacy and the "Infallibility" of the Roman Pope . Cathedral of St. John the Baptist . Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
  17. ↑ Reading regulations for the church year. Retrieved April 27, 2019 .