Third educational path

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The third educational path is the (non-official) name for all educational efforts that take place outside of the first and second educational path in order to get to a university degree. Despite many suggestions in the second half of the 20th century, he feels like the second education path between 1945 and 1970, this was initially the place for all kinds of alternatives to the first education path, and later with the school and university reforms of the early 1970s Label to be set for schools for adults. According to this, many reformist approaches have "for didactic drafts that transcend the boundaries of school-based learning and promote the ability to process extracurricular - especially professional - social experience using an appropriate variety of methods and to integrate them into their own learning biography as meaningful" (Renke Suhren) sought a possible realization under this name.

Educational pathways

The first and second educational pathways are regulated, structured and organized. They lead either from elementary school through grammar school or upper secondary school to university (it is the path through school for children and young people ) or from professional qualifications through evening grammar school / college through school for adults (SfE) to University (the "race track for late developers"). Both are externally determined, because other than the young or adult students decide on the relevant questions of their learning.

The third path of education is rarely a structured, organized or regulated path, unless one sees these requirements as fulfilled in the self-determined structuring, organization and regulation of the individual who strives for education. This structures and organizes the path in its own way, according to its standards, its own schedule and under its own direction (responsibility). It is not determined by others, if you disregard the orientation towards the requirements of the examination regulations, which is the only limitation of this private autonomy.

Well-known non-state adult educationally guided ways to study

Pre-study training and gifted examination during the Nazi era

The Langemarck studies during the period from 1934 to 1944 in National Socialist Germany were a program of the NSDAP to promote talented students ; it was divided into pre-study training with an intermediate examination, the gifted examination and the subsequent higher education course. After a year of training in the preparatory course, an intermediate examination took place; Those who passed this could then be admitted as a guest auditor in the main subject chosen by the applicant at the university of the training facility. Those who had passed the intermediate examination underwent - in accordance with their obligation - the gifted examination after another six months and studied.

The three unionized academies

Academy of Labor / European Academy of Labor (Frankfurt)

The first German university for the people of work , founded in March 1921, exists as an academy of work “in” the University of Frankfurt am Main (since 1932 Johann Wolfgang Goethe University and since 2008 “Goethe University”, the academy has been called since then Zeit "European Academy of Work") had little contact with the university (= parallel worlds ) apart from the physical proximity . Despite the high level of motivation of the participants, the one-year training did not lead to any form of state recognition with a view to opening up the university until 2010; it was not used as a reference for the gifted test , its full-time (according to the statutes "full-time teachers") and part-time teachers were, with a few exceptions, not university teachers, despite high professional and adult educational qualifications and practical experience, although the state of Hesse alongside the DGB and the city of Frankfurt am Main founders were the Academy and they financed. As a result, the graduates' chances of finding a career outside of the unions or their companies were slim. Some municipalities, in particular the city of Frankfurt am Main, made it possible to be released from work and subsequently continue to work. Accordingly, the transition from academy to university was rare.

That changed only 25 years after the end of the gifted examination (1984) and the introduction of equality of professionally qualified persons for university entrance through the enactment of the ordinance on the access of professionally qualified persons to universities in the state of Hesse of July 7, 2010. According to its § 1 Paragraph 2, the ... graduates of a one-year course at the European Academy of Labor at the University of Frankfurt am Main have a subject-specific higher education entrance qualification (Section 54 Paragraph 2 Sentence 2 in conjunction with Paragraph 2 Sentence 1 No. 2 of the Hessian Higher Education Act ( HHG) of December 14, 2009), which was adapted in accordance with the resolution of the Conference of Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs 2009. A study by the Hans Böckler Foundation (HBS) examines whether and to what extent graduates of the EAdA can find their way to university more easily and better as a result of the new regulations and which qualifications they have for university studies. The results are rather negative.

Academy for Economics and Politics (Hamburg)

The Akademie für Gemeinwirtschaft found another way for its graduates to study at a university early on. The academy was founded in 1948, in 1961 it became the academy for economics and politics, in 1970 the academy for economics and politics and from 1991 (until March 31, 2005) an independent university, which it also had in its name from 2001: Hamburger Universität für Wirtschaft und Politics (HWP). In 2009 it was fully integrated into the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences at Hamburg University (UHH) as the Faculty of Social Economics. It now forms this faculty together with the business administration, social sciences and economics departments.

When it was founded in 1948, the Academy of Labor in Frankfurt am Main served as a model for the institutional structure and curriculum. The prerequisite for admission to the course was not the Abitur, but the passing of an extensive entrance examination: People with a secondary school leaving certificate and commercial vocational training could also take part, provided that the applicants from this group of people had prepared themselves adequately by participating in further training activities. Although the academy was modeled on the AdA in Frankfurt when it was founded, the graduates with at least a "good" degree, without a further examination, received the subject-specific university entrance qualification (which was not available in Frankfurt) for further studies in law or social sciences until 1970 the universities of Hamburg and Göttingen. From 1970 all graduates received the general university entrance qualification. Not a case for the gifted test, but rather one with a transition from a higher technical school to the university (as was already possible with the special maturity exams at state building schools, engineering schools, etc. since 1937 ).

Dortmund Social Academy

It has been part of the University of Dortmund since 1998, in the Center for Further Education of the Technical University of Dortmund. About history

The universities of politics

University of Work, Politics and Economics in Wilhelmshaven / Rustersiel (Apowi)

The preparatory course at the Apowi in Wilhelmshaven / Rustersiel

The preparatory course in Wilhelmshaven-Rüstersiel was originally intended for non-high school graduates who had been in professional life as an introductory preliminary stage for studying law, economics and social science at the Apowi. A “university entrance qualification test for talented students” in the university's subjects decided on admission to the course.

From the winter semester of 1952, the preparatory course was under state school administration (from 1956 it belonged to the Oldenburg school administration district). Up to 1962 it enables young adults who have completed vocational training to acquire the general university entrance qualification (duration of training: 2 years, first exams on November 15, 1952). The preparatory course was closely connected to the university and had the character of a boarding school (in old military accommodation).

Admission to the preparatory course depended on an aptitude test lasting several days. Not only a completed apprenticeship and professional experience, but also independent further training beyond the boundaries of the profession was required. Knowledge of English and mathematics had to be proven that corresponded roughly to the level of secondary school (“ Mittlere Reife ” or technical college entrance qualification was not required). From 1953 to 1958, 184 participants passed this school-leaving exam. In 1959, 11% of the applicants were accepted (45% former high school students, at most transferred to grade 11), 20% former high school students and 35% primary school students. The minimum age was 20 years, the average age 23 years.

The matriculation examination - however different from the matriculation examination at the higher schools - was taken before a state examination committee (it was an Abitur of the state of Lower Saxony and was considered as proof of general university entrance qualification, not only subject-related. Not all federal states have recognized this matriculation examination). The subjects taught and examined were German, social studies, English, mathematics, history, geography and biology (only one foreign language, biology as the only natural science subject, on the other hand: social studies with six to eight hours per week).

University of Politics (HfP) Munich

Interested parties without a university entrance qualification could start studying at the HfP after passing the entrance exam. After completing the basic course (in this case a total of six semesters), you undergo a "final examination after the basic course", with which your course initially ends. If you are interested in acquiring the academic diploma, you must acquire the university entrance qualification; Special working groups are regularly offered at the university to prepare for the gifted school leaving examination. After acquiring the university entrance qualification, the "final examination" can be converted into the preliminary diploma examination by taking an additional examination; For further studies, all study semesters already completed at the university were recognized. Since 2007, the university has had the right to award doctorates as "Doctor scientiarum politicarum" (Dr. sc. Pol.). Since the fundamental restructuring in 2015, the university has been part of the Technical University of Munich (TUM)

German University of Politics (DHfP) in Berlin

The German University of Politics was a private university founded in Berlin in October 1920. It emerged from the state school that Friedrich Naumann founded in 1918. In 1940 it was added to the Faculty of Foreign Studies at Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, re-established in 1948 and converted into the Otto Suhr Institute of the Free University of Berlin in 1959.

Funkkolleg

Funk College for Understanding Modern Society

Certificate of participation in the Funk-Kolleg Political Sciences

On May 5, 1966, on the initiative of the then Hessian Minister of Education, Ernst Schütte (SPD), the first “ Funkkolleg for the understanding of modern society” began in its 3rd radio program . The series was designed for three years (six semesters) and started with a series of lectures by professors from Frankfurt's Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in the fields of economics ( Karl Häuser ), political science ( Iring Fetscher ), law ( Rudolf Wiethölter ), modern history ( Paul Kluke ) and sociology ( Walter Rüegg ). After this introductory phase, each of the subjects was the focus of a series of lectures for one semester (20 × 45 minutes each lecture, Thursdays, and colloquium, Fridays, repetitions on Saturdays and Sundays).

What was initially only intended as a distance learning course for Hessian teachers (qualification for social studies ) was opened to all professional groups in the following year. In addition to the certificate of attendance, which the "college students" received after a written examination and a two-day final colloquium (in the Falkenstein folk high school ), the respective professor was able to provide an expert opinion for the Hessian Ministry of Culture according to Decree of March 27, 1963 in the version of the amending decree of October 15, 1966 (Official Journal p. 1033) . Two of these reports had to be attached to the application for admission to the gifted test. The number of fellows is said to have been around 3,500.

Quadriga-Funkkolleg

For the Quadriga-Funkkolleg from 1969 the conditions were much easier. The term papers required during the semester were given out as multiple choice forms for marking (“with a soft pencil”). Then there were “certificates” that had already been created back then (1969) with the help of electronic data processing (by the German Institute for Distance Learning at the University of Tübingen [DIFF]). The number of participants is said to have increased significantly, especially in the more practice-oriented subjects and the art subjects (Funkkolleg "Counseling in Education" over 50,500, "Educational Psychology" over 40,600, but also "Art" over 41,400, "Modernism Art "over 37,200," Literary Modernism "over 33,000, on the other hand" Technology "over 10,700," Taxes "over 10,400," Economics "over 8,200). The number of applicants for the gifted examination has not increased accordingly.

The Funkkolleg still exists, but no longer the “authorizations”.

Telekolleg

The Telekolleg has been offering adult education since 1967, initially only in Bavaria, then later in several German countries, enabling the acquisition of the secondary school leaving certificate or the technical college certificate while working. With today's multimedia offerings, in Bavaria, Rhineland-Palatinate and Brandenburg, you can obtain the technical college entrance qualification within 16 or 20 months and in Bavaria also the secondary school entrance qualification within six months.

Adult education centers and institutions close to adult education centers

Numerous Hessian adult education centers (VHS) not only offered accompanying circles to the respective Funkkolleg, but also organized courses that came close to those of the seminar for politics (technique of intellectual work, history, German literature, foreign language). A total of 100 VHS courses are said to have offered in what was then federal territory in the first 1970s, which prepared students for school-leaving qualifications. More than half of these adult education centers were active in communities with fewer than 50,000 inhabitants.

Seminar for Politics (Frankfurt am Main)

The seminar for politics e. V. (SfP) was created within the framework of the Volkshochschule Frankfurt am Main (VHS), but was run independently from 1960 until it was reintegrated into the VHS Frankfurt am Main and finally dissolved in 1986. From 1968 it operated an evening school for working people (this was based on a private basis without a legal basis), which at times had 400 students (1971) (around 800 participants registered in 1972); they should receive a well-founded general education (history as a didactic center, with an adult-friendly history book created by their own team of authors), learn at least one foreign language and a scientifically recognized specialist knowledge through certificates. This should prepare them for the gifted test. In two years, the participants should come to the two required reports for the gifted test in two proseminars.

VHS of the city and district of Hanau

Similar to the Frankfurt endeavors, courses lasting six semesters were also set up at Hanau's adult education center (on three evenings or mornings a week).

Outlook on comparable tests

At the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, the third path of education largely lost its importance due to the equality of school and vocational education . The term then almost disappeared from the vocabulary. The higher education entrance qualification was completely reorganized, especially towards the end of the first decade of the 21st century, in accordance with the KMK agreement.

So is z. B. According to the regulation in Hesse - similar to that of other states in the Federal Republic of Germany - according to the Hessian Higher Education Act in conjunction with the "Ordinance on the access of professionally qualified persons to higher education in the State of Hesse" the following group of people have the opportunity to complete a university degree with a professional qualification, opened ( if outstanding scientific or artistic talent is identified, a university entrance qualification for the relevant course of study can be waived, provided that it concludes with a university examination - Section 54 (4) sentence 3 of the Hessian Higher Education Act):

  • Proof of the master craftsman's examination as well as a comparable degree of professional advancement training entitles you to study all subjects at all universities in Hessen (Section 54 (2) Hessian Higher Education Act).
The following people have a degree in professional advancement training comparable to the master craftsman's examination (Section 1, Paragraph 1, Clause 1 of the Ordinance on Access for Professionally Qualified Persons to Universities in the State of Hesse). This group of people also has a general university entrance qualification:
  • Persons with advanced training qualifications, for the examination regulations according to Sections 53 and 54 of the Vocational Training Act of March 23, 2005 (Federal Law Gazette I p. 931), last amended by the law of February 5, 2009 (Federal Law Gazette I p. 160, 462), or according to Sections 42 and 42a of the Crafts Code in the version of September 24, 1998 (Federal Law Gazette I p. 3075, 2006 I p. 2095), last amended by the law of July 17, 2009 (Federal Law Gazette I p. 2091) , if the courses last at least 400 hours;
  • Persons with state certificates of competency for nautical or technical ship service according to § 4 No. 1 of the Seemannsgesetz of July 26, 1957 in the revised version published in the Federal Law Gazette Part III, structure number 9513-1, last amended by ordinance of October 31, 2006 (BGBl . I p. 2407);
  • Persons with degrees from technical schools in accordance with the framework agreement on technical schools (resolution of the Conference of Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of November 7, 2002 in the version of October 9, 2009) in the currently applicable version;
  • Persons with qualifications of comparable state-level further training and further education regulations for professions in the health care sector and in the field of social care or socio-educational professions;
  • Individuals with qualifications from comparable further education and training regulations under federal law, such as tax consultants and auditors .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Renke Suhren: Specialized lexicon of social work , keyword “Second educational path”, German Association for Public and Private Welfare e. V. (Ed.), Stuttgart; Berlin; Cologne; Mainz: Kohlhammer 1980, p. 840 f. ISBN 3-7745-6453-1
  2. ↑ Renke Suhren Secondary education? in: Education and Upbringing, 1963, pp. 194–197
  3. ↑ Guidelines for admission as guest auditors at German universities , circular of the Reich Minister for Science, Education and National Education of June 9, 1938 - WJ 2240 E III, E IV, EV, Z II a (b) - Annex; in: Hans Huber and Franz Senger Studying without a secondary school leaving certificate at German universities - official regulations Berlin (Weidmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung) 1938, p. 30 Guest Auditor Admission Guidelines
  4. ^ Hugo Sinzheimer and Ernst Pape on the idea of ​​a workers' academy in Frankfurt am Main (communications from the academy of work ) 1920, also printed as No. 1b in the documentation (appendix with numerous other documents) in: Otto Antrick, the academy of work in the university Frankfurt-Main - Idea, Becoming, Shape Darmstadt (Eduard Rother Verlag) 1966, p. 96.
  5. ↑ Anna Kern, Josef Hoormann The third educational path for students of the European Academy of Work (EAdA) - To university entrance for students of the EAdA - Potentials, Experiences, Chances , Working Paper 244, Düsseldorf (Hans Böckler Foundation - Co-determination, Research and Study Funding Agency of the DGB, December 2011, p. 87)
  6. ↑ GVBl. I 2010 p. 238, Vocational Qualifications University Admission Ordinance
  7. ↑ Section 54, Paragraph 2, Clause 2 of the HHG reads: The proof according to No. 1 or 4 entitles the holder to study all subjects, the proof according to No. 2 in the relevant subject at all universities, the proof according to No. 3 to study at one University of Applied Sciences or in a tiered course at a university or Geisenheim University . Paragraph 2 Clause 1 No. 2 reads: 2. the subject-specific higher education entrance qualification, ( Hessisches Hochschulgesetz GVBl. I 2009 p. 666 )
  8. ↑ Anna Kern, Josef Hoormann The third educational path for students of the European Academy of Work (EAdA) - To the university entrance for students of the EAdA - Potentials, Experiences, Chances , Working Paper 244, Düsseldorf (Hans Böckler Foundation - Mitbestigung-, Forschungsungs- und DGB student funding agency) December 2011 pp. 17–20
  9. ↑ Bärbel von Borries-Pusback: No college for socialism - The establishment of the academy for community economy in Hamburg 1945–1955 , Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 2002 p. 266 ff. ISBN 978-3-8100-3369-7
  10. ↑ Bärbel von Borries-Pusback: No College for Socialism - The Founding of the Academy for Community Economy in Hamburg 1945–1955 , Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 2002 p. 135 ff. ISBN 978-3-8100-3369-7
  11. ↑ Flyer conditions for admission to studies at the Academy for Community Economy Hamburg - from November 1953
  12. ↑ http://www.zfw.tu-dortmund.de/
  13. ↑ http://www.fes.de/archiv/adsd_neu/inhalt/gewerkschaften/sozialakademie.htm
  14. ↑ Hans Scheuerl Educational Institutes and Full Instruction - Technische Oberschule Stuttgart, Braunschweig-Kolleg, Propädeutikum Wilhelmshaven and Oberhausener Institute in The Second Educational Path in Contemporary Social and Cultural Life - On the Tenth Anniversary of the Academy for Community Economy Hamburg Heidelberg (Quelle & Meyer) 1959, p. 223-237 [229]
  15. ↑ Oldenburg-Kolleg Chronology
  16. ↑ Hans Scheuerl Educational Institutes and Full Instruction - Technische Oberschule Stuttgart, Braunschweig-Kolleg, Propädeutikum Wilhelmshaven and Oberhausener Institute in The Second Educational Pathway in Contemporary Social and Cultural Life - On the Tenth Anniversary of the Academy for Community Economics Hamburg Heidelberg (Quelle & Meyer) 1959, p. 223-237 [230]
  17. ↑ http://www.hfpm.de/index.php/hfp-studium/abschluesse-menu
  18. ^ Law on the Munich School of Politics (HfP Law) HfPG
  19. ↑ Law on the Munich School of Politics of November 24, 2014
  20. ↑ Karin Storch : The Second Education Path - Opportunity or Illusion? Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag Frankfurt am Main 1974, p. 124, ISBN 3436017094
  21. ↑ Download history book
  22. ↑ Ulla Illing / Gerd Grüning / Kurt Müller: Model of a curriculum for socio-economic further education in: Extracurricular education, materials for political education, youth work and adult education, Bonn (communications from the Arbeitskreis deutscher Bildungsstätten eV [2nd year, booklet 4]) 1971, B 71.
  23. ↑ Third way to higher education entrance qualification - Hanauer Volkshochschule again offers Abitur courses , Frankfurter Rundschau, Lokal-Rundschau Main-Kinzig from January 20, 1984
  24. ↑ The term “third educational path” appears only once in the papers of the specialist conference on professional qualifications and university access of the Hans Böckler Foundation on October 29 and 30, 1987 at the Technical University of Darmstadt; Conference report of the Hans Böckler Foundation 12/87.
  25. ↑ Secretariat of the permanent conference of the state ministers of education in the Federal Republic of Germany, synoptic presentation of the possibilities of university access available in the states for professionally qualified applicants without a university entrance qualification on the basis of university regulations according to the status of July 2011 , KMK synopsis of university access ( Memento from October 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  26. ↑ Section 54 (2) and (6) of the Hessian Higher Education Act of December 14, 2009 (GVBl. I p. 666)
  27. ↑ Ordinance on the access of professionally qualified persons to universities in the state of Hesse of July 7, 2010 (GVBl. I p. 238)