Langemarck studies

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The Langemarck-Studium was a gifted program from 1934 to 1944 for the acquisition of the right to study at a German university. This should lead “particularly talented elementary and middle school students to college”. The project consisted of a “pre-study training” to acquire the university entrance qualification and the subsequent (desired) study at an assigned university. Funding took place both in the preparatory course and in the subsequent (regular) studies by the Reichsstudentenführung ( belonging to the NSDAP ) . A (self-) application was not possible, only the NSDAP and especially certain subsidiary organizations of the party (later, during the time of the Second World War , also the German Wehrmacht ) were entitled to make proposals , so a special test of political reliability ( politically flawless ) was not possible required. The financing of the studies was secured by the Reichsstudentenführung in cooperation with the Reichsstudentenwerk .

The legal possibility of a university entrance without a school career (with the completion of the Matura or Abitur examination ) existed earlier (until the 1850s through the university itself) and again since 1922 through a certificate from the Prussian Ministry of Education (this initially only in Prussia The other German states joined the applicable regulation by 1930). The authorities used these legal provisions for their actions during the National Socialist era, and it was not until 1938 that a new (nationally uniform) regulation followed.

The name was borrowed from the Langemarck myth , which numerous loyal, German national and similar student associations already cultivated shortly after the First World War during the Weimar Republic and which was further promoted during the National Socialist period. Near the village of Langemarck (spelling as in the army report; officially from 1945 Langemark ) in West Flanders (Belgium), near the village of Bikschote (today a district of Langemark-Poelkapelle ), in 1914 a regiment consisting mainly of young German volunteers is said to be from Called the British the “schoolboy regiment”, they captured only six machine guns in a bloody battle but took 2,000 prisoners. One of the three central German military cemeteries in West Flanders is located near Langemark after the town of Diksmuide .

Pre-selection, selection, selection camp

The selection of the most talented and fittest was the main task of Langemarck studies (... for financially disadvantaged but line loyalty ...) to this about the way a special education to provide the national community ... as a valuable staff available . First there was a so-called pre-selection, a decision based on the files, before the applicant was “called up” to a selection camp. In the camp a decision was made about admission to the course or about “other” funding. There was no appeal against the decision. The head of the Langemarck course also decided on the location of the training course and the time of the convocation.

Pre-study training and university studies

The course was divided into the pre-study training with intermediate examination, the gifted examination and the subsequent desired university degree. The authorization was only valid for a certain subject area and was intended for talented young men from “all classes, classes and professions”. Both the preliminary training and the subsequent university studies were free of charge for the poor . The funding measures were organized in the period between 1934 and 1938 under the name of "pre-study training" and from late 1938 to the end of 1944 under the name of pre-study training for the Langemarck degree .

The preparatory course was a three semester (one and a half year) long community education in a course at a university. In 1934/36 the courses only took place at two universities (Heidelberg and Königsberg); Gradually, more and more universities were added: in 1942 it was Heidelberg, ( Bledau Castle in East Prussia ), Hanover ( Villa Simon ), Stuttgart, Rostock, Halle (Saale), ( Radebeul near) Dresden, Jena, Vienna, Berlin and Prague. The training extended to high school subjects , physical exercise and military training .

From 1942 at the latest, the regulations changed significantly (also formally through a circular issued by the Reich Minister for Science, Education and Public Education ), so that one can speak of a pre-study training course I (1934–1941) and a pre-study course II (1942–1944); the second part of the course (the university grants) did not change.

Cost of pre-study training

The costs of the pre-study training including all living expenses were borne by funds from the Langemarck studies (= NSDAP) if the applicant was poor. A grant from the parents (pocket money) was expected. In the pre-study training, which concluded with the admission to university studies, an education is realized that corresponds to the principles of real education and National Socialist leadership (with reference to point 20 of the party program, it goes without saying that the education both in the pre-study training and in the university be free).

History of pre-study training I

Development between 1934 and 1938: trial phase

In 1934, the Hitler Youth (HJ) took over the Langemarck celebrations and the Langemarck donation, which had previously been maintained by middle-class circles (youth movement, student body, universities and the Reichswehr). In 1934 the pre-study training was tried out for the first time at the two universities of Heidelberg and Königsberg (for 40 to 50 young men without a high school diploma [today: Abitur examination] who were to be prepared for university studies). On November 5, 1936, the office of the Reich Student Leader was created; one day later, on November 6, 1936, the German Student Union (DSt) and the National Socialist German Student Union (NSDStB) were placed under the newly established Reichsstudentenführung (five months later, in April 1937, the Reichsstudentenführung became a main office of the NSDAP ). The Reichsstudentenführer Gustav Adolf Scheel promoted Ulrich Gmelin , who was appointed in 1938 as the representative for preparatory studies and was thus also head of the Langemarck course from September 1, 1938. The pre-study training was z. Sometimes it was still under the name Horst-Wessel-Studium before it was only propagated as a Langemarck-Studium in 1938.

From 1937 an increased advertising for the pre-study training began. More universities had been won for the project and on December 9, 1937, the Reichsstudentenführer announced that the number of Langemarck students would increase to 1,000 per year. The reason for this is probably the steadily decreasing number of students at scientific universities; At the end of 1938 there were only three universities at which preliminary training was carried out (Heidelberg, Königsberg and Stuttgart), at the end of 1938 a new course was set up in Hanover. The pre-study training there was financed from funds from the city and economy of Hanover and the southern Hanover-Braunschweig district (Gauleiter was Bernhard Rust , from 1934 to 1945 also Reich Minister for Science, Education and Public Education).

Manner of pre-study training

In contrast to the participants in the gifted examination and those in the special matriculation examination , who had developed the basics of their own knowledge and prepared themselves individually for the respective examination, the pre-study training was not an individual, but rather a group training. The pre-study training of the Reichsstudentenführung (the term Langemarck-Studium seldom appears before 1938) had the task of imparting this training to talented young people who did not have the necessary training for the university as part of a community training.

The aim of the pre-study training was not to convey the Abitur knowledge to the participants, because this did not meet the requirements of the intended examination, the gifted examination. One focus was political education in the National Socialist sense, as Ulrich Gmelin emphasized: "The focus is on the areas on which the understanding of the National Socialist worldview is based: the knowledge of race, ethnicity and history."

Admission only on suggestion

Personal applications were not possible; rather, the applicant had to be proposed by the NSDAP (its branches and affiliated associations ) or the Wehrmacht to the Reichsstudentenführung (by May 1st every year). There was a special form for the proposal. With the proposal of the organization, the applicant had to submit the application with two photos, the last school report and a detailed curriculum vitae in handwriting and type. The curriculum vitae should clearly identify your previous education , previous political career ( service certificate ) and future professional goals. In addition, a detailed report by the Reich Labor Service (RAD) and the Wehrmacht and a detailed report on the applicant's political activities had to be enclosed. The proposal was to be addressed to the Reichsstudentenführung in Munich.

Requirements for admission to pre-study training:
Any German could be admitted

  • who was exceptionally talented and
  • demonstrated an excellent demeanor. The applicant had to
  • be physically healthy and productive,
  • have proven themselves politically and ideologically in the structures of the NSDAP and
  • be between 18 and 24 years of age.

The accepted applicants had to undertake to take the final examination. The labor service and military service should have been fulfilled.

Since only around 10–20 percent of the candidates were accepted and political criteria played a major role in the selection of the scholarship holders, “there was an often grotesque-looking eagerness to demonstrate political reliability in the selection camps.”

Exams and university admission

The pre-study training consisted of a one and a half year course that began on November 1st of each year. After a year of training, an intermediate examination took place; Those who passed this could then be admitted as a guest auditor in the main subject chosen by the applicant at the university of the training facility. Those who had passed the intermediate examination underwent - in accordance with their obligation - the gifted examination after another six months. The examiners for the intermediate examination were determined on a case-by-case basis by the Reich Minister for Science, Education and Public Education. The test for talented students was initially based in Heidelberg (Baden) on the Baden regulations and in Königsberg (East Prussia) on the regulations issued by the (Prussian) examination office for admission to university studies without a school leaving certificate . Both states had recognized each other's exams. From 1938 onwards, the regulations for the examination for admission to studies without a school leaving certificate at German universities were valid (uniformly across the empire) .

Payers

Complete funding (pre-study training and the chosen university course) was provided by the Reichsstudentenwerk if the applicant was completely penniless . For this purpose, he not only had to present the consent of the legal guardian when applying, but also the official proof of assets and income of the person liable for maintenance as well as his declaration as to whether he was able to provide subsidies for the training.

Development between 1938 and 1941

After Gmelin was appointed head of the Langemarck Studies in 1938, the Reichsstudentenführung intensified their efforts to bring more non-Abitur graduates to a university across the whole of Germany ("clear away the barriers to the university for young workers and young farmers!"). The Langemarck course was conceived out of the concern that "the universities had not yet created any National Socialist selection principles for studying at this point in time." The aim was to break up the universities in their sociological structure. The propaganda for the project was accordingly: The German University Guide of 1939 contains detailed information. In 1940 Gmelin became head of the liaison office for the Reich student leadership. But it was also advertised through posters. In fact, the goal of sending 1,000 Langemarck students to universities every year was never achieved. The Reich Ministry of Finance was not prepared to grant large sums for this purpose in the middle of the war. In addition, the Langemarck scholarship holders were mostly young men of military age, who were often drafted during the war before they had completed their pre-study training.

From April 1941 Gmelin became a part-time consultant in the Science Office in the Reich Ministry of Science, Education and National Education, where he also performed tasks for the Langemarck studies. Shortly afterwards, in May 1941, he was appointed representative of the Reichsstudentenführer in the war . After the “returned” German universities (Danzig, Posen , Prague , Brno, Strasbourg ) there were soon also German universities outside the Reich ( Dorpat , Riga ).

The brevity of the training, the concentration of subjects, the restriction of the foreign-language portion of the training, cooperation with the universities, the technical and time restrictions on the examination process were important features for the advancement of young adults with elementary and secondary school qualifications to university studies.

Special leave for soldiers

Soldiers could get study leave until March 15, 1942. However, this only applied to soldiers who had performed active military service for at least three years on November 15, 1941 (active military service did not include the time in the Reich Labor Service ), namely for: ... f) Soldiers who are intended for the preparatory training of the Langemarck degree, provided they were born in 1921 or older .

History of pre-study training II

Development between 1942 and 1944: New priorities

When the Second World War broke out, the number of students had dropped to 10% from the 1923 figure. This development was not only due to the war; Large parts of the school leavers no longer saw their opportunities in university studies, but in other career opportunities. This is probably one of the reasons why a fundamental change took place in 1942, because on May 13, 1942, the Reich Ministry of Education in a memorandum called for closer cooperation between the elementary and secondary schools and the Langemarck study, after the essential guidelines in circular no.261 of April 2, 1942.

Starting position in 1942

In the opinion of the Reich Minister of Education, “educational and school achievements have been proven over the past six years, which prove, based on the number of registered participants, that these are not artificially high-bred individual cases, but an educational opportunity that must be open to a larger group . ... In particular, this enables the capable young people of rural areas to serve as qualified farmers and forest managers for the major tasks that the cultural and technical armament of the German village poses. ”The cooperation between the general school system and the Langemarck studies must be further promoted For this purpose, elementary, secondary and middle schools, as well as vocational schools and agricultural schools, should make greater use of their right to make proposals, the higher schools should provide resources and facilities, and assign and exchange teachers.

The Völkischer Beobachter celebrated the Langemarck studies as a "scholarship program that broke up the civil monopoly of education in favor of a new Nazi elite" as a monument to the act. Ulrich Gmelin saw it in 1944 as the realization of the right to education in the national welfare state.

For the state supervision of the program, the Reich Minister for Science, Education and National Education (REM) had appointed an inspector and a vice-inspector (especially for the intermediate and final examinations) compared to the previous regulation, also in order to train the 1,000 men a year targeted from 1938 and check.

Only men between 17 and 24 years of age

The (new, modified) Langemarck course was also limited exclusively to young men between the ages of 17 and 24. The registration of girls was - “still” - not planned (“in view of the special structure of the Langemarck course”).

Elementary, secondary and middle school students only

High school students and high school graduates were not accepted. On the other hand, the acceptance of students from vocational schools (commercial or agricultural) and from students from one-year technical schools for agriculture, horticulture, vegetable growing, fruit growing and viticulture was desired.

In addition to above-average intellectual talent and excellent performance and probation in vocational training and work, the prerequisites were

  • Clarity about the desired course of study and professional goal, which must generally result from previous employment,
  • impeccable demeanor,
  • special political and ideological test in the NSDAP and its branches,
  • full physical health and efficiency.

In the version of the leaflet valid before 1942, full physical fitness (special provisions applied to war invalids) and hereditary biological quality were required (applicants should undergo a hereditary and racial preliminary examination and a hereditary biological examination) as well as a substitute for the No. 4 (probation in the NSDAP or its branches) an excellent probation in the armed forces.

canditature

Self-applications were "usually" not possible. The applicant had to be suggested by others, e.g. B. from the NSDAP , from their party branches ( SA , SS , NSKK , NSFK , HJ and NSDStB ), the affiliated associations ( Deutsches Frauenwerk , DAF , NS-war victims' support, NSD , National Socialist German Medical Association , NS teachers' association, NS officials' association, NSRB , NS-Reichskriegerbund), the Wehrmacht, the Reich Labor Service (RAD) and government agencies.

Vocational training as a prerequisite

According to the new regulation, Langemarck students should in future be able to use all universities and branches of study. The basic rule, however, is always that the graduate of elementary, secondary and middle school must first learn a trade and have proven himself in it. While it was previously the task of the Langemarck degree to close the "gap between the completion of elementary school and the matriculation test as the admission requirement for the university", two new tasks were added in the middle of the war: the preparatory training for the State Academy of Technology in Chemnitz (including the Flugtechnische Arbeitsgemeinschaft ) and the recruitment of suitable men in the Netherlands and Flanders .

Opening to certain foreigners

Studies were no longer restricted to Germans, and from May 1942 the Dutch and Flemings were also “prepared for the Abitur” ( Villa Simon in Hanover) in order to then study at German and Dutch universities at the expense of the Langemarck studies . The young Flemings should delve deeper into the National Socialist ideas and be made acquainted with the cultural life of Germany.

After the course for Flemings and Dutch (in Hanover), there was a second Langemarck course for 24 Norwegian Langemarck students (in Rostock) in autumn. It should help to deepen the cooperation of the Germanic student youth and to give the University of Rostock (course location) its old meaning as a bridge to the north.

The participation of foreigners was duly emphasized by the political propaganda. The leader of the Danish National Socialists, Frits Clausen , justified the opening of the pre-study training for foreigners as follows: “The path taken here builds on the basic training in elementary, middle and secondary school, the same for all young Germans, and on the subsequent practical work the basic political and ideological shaping by the Hitler Youth that ran through both periods of time. Whoever has particularly proven himself under these conditions, which are more or less the same for everyone, who has stood his ground here in practice and theory, who has shown his open-mindedness for the principles of the National Socialist way of life, i.e. overall appears qualified for a professionally and politically increased training and employment who should come to a technical or university degree via the pre-study training ”.

Opening up to women

In contradiction to the officially proclaimed, conservative-reactionary image of women of the National Socialists, which ... wanted to reduce women to the role of mother, the number of female students increased during the Nazi era. The law against the overcrowding of German schools and universities had limited the proportion of female students to ten percent, but this could not be permanently enforced: for the female generation of students around 1930, the basic right to study was only at the turn of the century had been fought for in tough conflicts in the 20th century, has already become a matter of course.

With the beginning of the war, the need for graduates increased, especially in the natural sciences and technology, which benefited female students and prospective scientists. That is why women were apparently admitted to Langemarck studies in the period after 1942. In any case, from 1943 on, the German University Guide also contains a contribution to pre-study training for women. The University of Königsberg (Pr.) Is said to have set up a "selection camp" for "high school graduates" (?) In the summer of 1944 and reported to the Reich Ministry of Education.

Successor institutions

The idea of ​​pre-study training for university studies without a school leaving certificate continued even after 1945. In 1946, preparatory study institutions were established in the Soviet occupation zone , which in 1947 became preparatory departments at the respective universities and, after the founding of the GDR, became workers and farmers faculties .

Well-known Langemarck students

literature

So far not used:

  • Michael Grüttner : Students in the Third Reich Schöningh, Paderborn 1995, pp. 149–154, ISBN 3-506-77492-1 .
  • Gernot Oelmann: The second educational path in North Rhine-Westphalia - structure and history , Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 1985, ISBN 3-506-88916 , chapter Third Reich: A second educational path under the priority of military policy, loyalty to the line and talent: the preparatory training for Langemarck- Studies p. 61–89 (with evaluation of files at the Federal Archives)

swell

  • Ulrich Gmelin: The Langemarck study of Reichsstudentenführung (publisher of the magazine Der Altherrenbund ) 1938
  • Ulrich Gmelin: Promotion of talented students through Langemarck studies in: Der Altherrenbund, official organ of the NS-Altherrenbundes of German students, Grossenhain, 3rd year (episode 7/8, January / February) 1940/41
  • -: The path to Langemarck studies and the structure of the course : The Reichsstudentenführer, Langemarckstudium, Lower Saxony course, Hanover 1941
  • Ulrich Gmelin with Hans-Bernhard von Grünberg : The Langemarck Study of Reich Student Leadership: Reports from Work During the War , Dresden 1941
  • Ulrich Gmelin: The right to education in the völkisch welfare state (SA.-Standarte Feldherrnhalle, department of ideological education) 1944
  • Wilhelm Waidelich (Ed.): 10 years of Langemarck studies in Königsberg (Pr) , Reich student leadership, Social Policy Office, 1944

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Gernot Oelmann: The second educational path in North Rhine-Westphalia - structure and history . Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 1985 ISBN 3-506-88916 , p. 61.
  2. ↑ Cornelia Schmitz-Berning Vocabulary of National Socialism , de Gruyter, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-11-013379-2 , 9783110133790, p. 373.
  3. ↑ Hans Huber and Franz Senger: Studying without a secondary school leaving certificate at German universities - official regulations. Weidmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin 1938, p. 9
  4. ↑ Ignaz Jastrow gives a legal historical overview of the authorizations of the secondary school leaving certificate and the right of the minister of education to allow exceptions : The right of the secondary school leaving certificate - a forgotten corner of Prussian administrative law. In: Legal weekly. (JW) 1925, p. 14 ff.
  5. ↑ Topic: Right Images, Module C.6 Working on the Myth - The Langemarck Myth (DGB-Bildungswerk Thüringen eV) p. 281 f.
    Karlheinz Weißmann : The Langemarck Hall http://www.sezession.de/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/weissmann_die-langemarck-halle.pdf
  6. ↑ Lutz Hachmeister Schleyer: a German history Munich (C. H. Beck) 2004, ISBN 3-406-51863-X , p. 140 ff. ( Limited preview in Google book search)
  7. ↑ Uwe Fraunholz, Swen Steinberg, Stefan Beckert, Florian Eichkorn, Ulrike Marlow, Stefan Weise [Made with]? Technological and natural scientist of the TH Dresden under National Socialism Dresden (Collaborative Research Center 804) 2012, p. 14, ISBN 978-3-86780-307-6
  8. ↑ 25-point program of the National Socialist German Workers' Party of February 24, 1920
  9. ↑ Ulrich Gmelin : The Langemarck studies, selection, education, Langemarck studies and higher school, financing, the right to training in: Das Reichsstudentenwerk / Reichsstudentenführung (Ed.) German University Guide - Living and studying conditions at German universities Academic year 1939 , 21st edition, Berlin (Walter de Gruyter & Co.) 1939.
  10. ↑ Hans Huber and Franz Senger Studying without a secondary school leaving certificate at German universities - official regulations Berlin (Weidmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung) 1938, p. 7.
  11. ↑ No. 10 of the circular of the Reich Minister for Science, Education and Public Education of November 10, 1939 - WJ 4360, E IIa, Z III [b] - and of October 29, 1941 - WJ 1950, E IIIa, E IV, E VII .
  12. ↑ Quoted from: Michael Grüttner: Students in the Third Reich. Paderborn 1995, p. 151.
  13. ^ Michael Grüttner: Students in the Third Reich. Paderborn, 1995 p. 150.
  14. ↑ Guidelines for admission as guest auditors at German universities, circular of the Reich Minister for Science, Education and National Education of June 9, 1938 - WJ 2240 E III, E IV, EV, Z II a (b) - in: Hans Huber and Franz Senger Studying without a secondary school leaving certificate at German universities - official regulations Berlin (Weidmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung) 1938, p. 30.
  15. ↑ Announcement of the Baden Ministry of Culture and Education on the study of particularly talented people without a secondary school leaving certificate at the Baden universities of May 8, 1928 - A 6468 -, in: Official Journal of the Baden Ministry of Education and Education 1928, p. 118.
  16. ↑ approved by decree of the Prussian Minister for Science, Art and Education No. 326 on admission to university studies without a secondary school leaving certificate from June 11, 1924 - UI 1161 -, in: Zentralblatt für die entire teaching administration in Prussia - 68th year - 1926 , P. 277.
  17. ↑ Circular decree of the Minister for Science, Art and Education No. 485 of December 1, 1928 - UI 2546 - Recognition of the gifted examination for admission to study at Prussian universities and technical colleges , Central Gazette for the entire teaching administration in Prussia - Official section - Berlin (Weidmannsche Buchhandlung), 1928, p. 367
  18. ^ Circular decree of the Reich Minister for Science, Education and Public Education of August 8, 1938 - WJ 2670 E III, E IV, EV -, Annex C in: German Science, Education and Public Education - Official Journal of the Reich Ministry for Science, Education and Public Education and the Education Administration der Länder (RMinAmtsblDtschWiss), 1938, p. 365 (373) .
  19. ↑ Speech by Martin Sandberger , Southwest Division Leader, SS-Sturmbannführer in Tübingen, Tübinger Chronik of February 25, 1939.
  20. ^ Uwe Dietrich Adam University and National Socialism - the University of Tübingen in the Third Reich Tübingen (JCB Mohr [Paul Siebeck]) 1977, ISBN 3-16-939602-1 , p. 81.
  21. ↑ Ulrich Gmelin The Langemarck study, selection, upbringing, Langemarck study and higher school, financing, the right to training in: Das Reichsstudentenwerk / Reichsstudentenführung (Ed.) Deutscher Hochschulführer - Living and studying conditions at German universities 1939, 21st edition, Berlin (Walter de Gruyter & Co.) 1939.
  22. ↑ Organization chart of the Reichsstudentenführung from 1939 http://www.reichsstudentenfuehrung.de/6.html .
  23. ↑ Federal Archives, poster The way is free! To study at a university - to the profession of educator, engineer, doctor , lawyer etc. through the Langemarck study , Plak_003-012-002_BArch_layout.jpg.
  24. ^ Michael Grüttner: Students in the Third Reich. Paderborn 1995, p. 153.
  25. ↑ Günter Dresselhaus: Further Education in Germany - Developments and Challenges Using the Example of the Second Education Path in North Rhine-Westphalia, Texts on Theory and History of Education, Münster (LIT Verlag) 2001, ISBN 3-8258-5552-X , p. 19.
  26. ↑ High Command of the Army (OKH) of October 17, 1941 Study and examination leave in the winter semester 1941/42 Army communications (HM), 1941, p. 521 No. 991, quoted in after Rudolf Absolon The Wehrmacht in the Third Reich. Vol. 5, September 1, 1939 to December 18, 1941, Writings of the Federal Archives, Boppard am Rhein (Harald Boldt Verlag) 1988, ISBN 3-7646-1882-5 , p. 311.
  27. ^ Claudia Huerkamp : Bildungsbürgerinnen - women in studies and in academic professions, 1900–1945 , Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1996, ISBN 3-525-35675-7 , p. 110.
  28. ↑ Statistics: 1/3 of high school graduates in the Wehrmacht, 2/3 academic studies. So increase the number of high school graduates. 1942: 45,000 male high school graduates. That means 30,000 students per year. 120,000 in 4 years. In 1931 there were 146,000. In a roundabout way, there is a need for 5,000 young academics per year. Langemarck studies, gifted examination, etc. do not fill this difference. Gerd Simon with the assistance of Ulrich Schermaul Chronologie Kubach, Fritz , http://homepages.uni-tuebingen.de/gerd.simon/ChrKubach.pdf , p. 22 f. from the transcript of a meeting on measures to remedy the shortage of young people in the academic professions on July 17, 1942.
  29. ^ Discussion on measures to remedy the shortage of young people in academic professions on July 17, 1942, with participants from the Reich Ministry of Education (REM), Reich Ministry of Finance, Reich Ministry of Economics, Reich Ministry of Labor, Reich Ministry of Transport, Reich Ministry of Post, Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Reich Student Leader, Reich Youth Leadership and the AG Nachwuchsfragen, NSBDT Specialist Group Construction, Record in the Federal Archives - BA R 21/27 Bl. 459-467 K -; quoted from Gerd Simon with the assistance of Ulrich Schermaul Chronologie Kubach, Fritz , http://homepages.uni-tuebingen.de/gerd.simon/ChrKubach.pdf , p. 22 f.
  30. ↑ http://www.chroniknet.de/daly_de.0.html?year=1942&month=0&day=20
  31. ↑ Circular Decree of the Reich Minister for Science, Education and Public Education of April 2, 1942 No. 261, Langemarck-Studium, Deutsche Wissenschaft, Erbildung und Volksbildung - Official Journal of the Reich Ministry for Science, Education and Public Education and the Education Administrations of the Länder (RMinAmtsblDtschWiss), 1942, P. 180 [181 f.]
  32. ↑ Circular of the Reich Minister of Science, Education and Popular Culture (RdErl d RMfWEV..) - WJ 3880/41 E II, E IV, EV, ZI, Z II (a) - from April 2, 1942 No. 261, Langemarck study. , German.Wiss.Education.Volksbildg. 1942, p. 180 [181].
  33. ↑ Völkischer Beobachter No. 314, from November 10, 1943, cited above. according to Ulrich Herrmann, Rolf-Dieter Müller: Young soldiers in the Second World War - War experiences as life experiences. Weinheim (Juventa Verlag) 2010, ISBN 978-3-7799-1138-8 , p. 407
  34. ^ Decree of the Reich Minister for Science, Education and National Education of January 14, 1941 - WJ 50 -.
  35. ↑ III. Paragraph 1 Leaflet Langemarck-Studium der Reichsstudentenführung, Annex to the circular of the Reich Minister for Science, Education and Public Education (RdErl. D. RMfWEV) - WJ 3880/41 E II, E IV, EV, ZI, Z II (a) - dated April 2, 1942 No. 261, Langemarck-Studium, in: Deutsche Wissenschaft, Erziehungs und Volksbildung - Official Journal of the Reich Ministry for Science, Education and National Education and the Education Administrations of the Länder (RMinAmtsblDtschWiss) 8th year [Zentralverlag der NSDAP, Franz Eher Nachf. ], 1942, pp. 180, 182
  36. ↑ III. Paragraph 4 Leaflet Langemarck-Studium der Reichsstudentenführung, annex to the circular of the Reich Minister for Science, Education and Public Education (RdErl. D. RMfWEV) - WJ 3880/41 E II, E IV, EV, ZI, Z II (a) - from April 2, 1942 No. 261, Langemarck Study German Science, Education and National Education - Official Gazette of the Reich Ministry for Science, Education and National Education and the State Education Administration (RMinAmtsblDtschWiss), 8th year [Zentralverlag der NSDAP, Franz Eher Nachf.], 1942 pp. 180, 182
  37. ↑ III. Paragraph 3 Leaflet Langemarck-Studium der Reichsstudentenführung, annex to the circular of the Reich Minister for Science, Education and Public Education (RdErl. D. RMfWEV) - WJ 3880/41 E II, E IV, EV, ZI, Z II (a) - from April 2, 1942, No. 261 Langemarck-Studium, in: Deutsche Wissenschaft, Erziehungs und Volksbildung - Official Journal of the Reich Ministry for Science, Education and National Education and the Education Administrations of the Länder (RMinAmtsblDtschWiss), 8th year [Central Publishing House of the NSDAP, Franz Eher Nachf .], 1942 pp. 180, 182
  38. ↑ Circular of the Reich Minister of Science, Education and Popular Culture (RdErl d RMfWEV..) - WJ 3880/41 E II, E IV, EV, ZI, Z II (a) - April 2, 1942 261 Langemarck Study no. , in: German Science, Education and National Education - Official Journal of the Reich Ministry for Science, Education and National Education and the Education Administration of the Länder (RMinAmtsblDtschWiss), 8th year [Zentralverlag der NSDAP, Franz Eher Nachf.], 1942 p. 180, 182
  39. ↑ III. Paragraph 2 Leaflet Langemarck-Studium der Reichsstudentenführung, annex to the circular of the Reich Minister for Science, Education and National Education (RdErl. D. RMfWEV) - WJ 3880/41 E II, E IV, EV, ZI, Z II (a) - from April 2, 1942, No. 261 Langemarck-Studium, in: Deutsche Wissenschaft, Erziehungs und Volksbildung - Official Journal of the Reich Ministry for Science, Education and National Education and the Education Administrations of the Länder (RMinAmtsblDtschWiss), 8th year [Central Publishing House of the NSDAP, Franz Eher Nachf .], 1942 pp. 180, 182
  40. ↑ V. para. 1 Leaflet Langemarck-Studium der Reichsstudentenführung, annex to the circular of the Reich Minister for Science, Education and Public Education (RdErl. D. RMfWEV) - WJ 3880/41 E II, E IV, EV, ZI, Z II (a ) - from April 2, 1942, No. 261 Langemarck-Studium, in: Deutsche Wissenschaft, Erziehungs und Volksbildung - Official Journal of the Reich Ministry for Science, Education and National Education and the Education Administrations of the Länder (RMinAmtsblDtschWiss), 8th year [Zentralverlag der NSDAP, Franz Eher Nachf.], 1942, pp. 180, 183
  41. ↑ Hans-Hermann Walz The Langemarck Studies during the War - New Tasks in: The Movement, Newspaper of German Students, Volume 8 (April 18, 1942) p. 3
  42. ↑ Het Langemarck-Studium in Nederland Hamer, The Hague [approx. 1941]
  43. ^ Het Langemarck-Studium in Vlaanderen Rijksstudentenverbond, Brussels 1941
  44. ↑ Ulrich Gmelin Dutch and Flemish students in Langemarck studies - Langemarck studies expanded - fighters for the new Europe. In: The Movement, Newspaper of German Students, Volume 11, Munich (May 30, 1942), p. 1
  45. ^ Gustav Adolf Scheel The selection of the best and most capable. In: The Movement, Newspaper of German Students, Volume 10 (May 16, 1942), p. 3
  46. ↑ Germanic Langemarck Studies in: The Movement, Newspaper of German Students, Volume 25/26 (December 19, 1942), p. 16
  47. ↑ Frits Clausen : The Greater Germanic Tasks of the Langemarck Studies , in: De Vlag, Journal of the German-Flemish Working Group, Brussels, July 1942, p. 621 f.
  48. ↑ Law against the overcrowding of German schools and universities
  49. ↑ Uwe Fraunholz, Swen Steinberg, Stefan Beckert, Florian Eichkorn, Ulrike Marlow, Stefan Weise [Made with]? Technological and natural scientist of the TH Dresden under National Socialism Dresden (Collaborative Research Center 804) 2012, p. 14, ISBN 978-3-86780-307-6 .
  50. ↑ Uwe Fraunholz, Swen Steinberg, Stefan Beckert, Florian Eichkorn, Ulrike Marlow, Stefan Weise: [With] Made? Technologist and natural scientist at the TH Dresden under National Socialism. Dresden (Collaborative Research Center 804) 2012, p. 15, ISBN 978-3-86780-307-6 .
  51. ↑ Jürgen John , Rüdiger Stutz Traditions, breaks, changes - The University of Jena 1850–1995 Cologne (Böhlau) 2009, ISBN 978-3-412-20248-4 , p. 442.
  52. ^ Das Reichsstudentenwerk / Reichsstudentenführung (Ed.) Deutscher Hochschulführer - Living and studying conditions at the German universities, academic year 1943, 25th edition, Berlin (Walter de Gruyter & Co.) 1943.