Dubrovnik document
The Dubrovnik Document ( Bulgarian Дубровнишка грамота ) is a document of the Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Assen II , which was issued in 1230 on his behalf. In it, the merchants of the city of Ragusa (today Dubrovnik ) were guaranteed the right to free trade within the Bulgarian Empire .
The Dubrovnik Charter was found in the Dubrovnik archives in 1817 and is now kept in Saint Petersburg .
This document, which is known throughout Bulgaria under the short, memorable name of the Dubrovnik document , must be called "A privilege of Ivan II Assen (for the merchants of Dubrovnik)" according to the rules of the doctrine of documents ( diplomacy ).
The Dubrovnik document, like the Watopedska document (see below), is undated, but was issued after the Battle of Klokotnitsa won by Ivan Assen II on March 9, 1230 .
Meaning of the document
The document is an important historical source both for trade relations and for the territory of the Bulgarian tsar after the Battle of Klokotnitsa, because the document lists the provinces of the Bulgarian empire in which the Ragusans could exercise their rights: Vidin , Branichevo , Belgrade , Tarnowo , Zagore , Preslaw , Karwuna (today Balchik ), Kran , Adrianople , Didymoticho , Skopje , Prilep , Devoll and Arbanassi .
The deed attests to the administrative structure in his domain. The "chori" (хори) - areas - were the Bulgarian form of the Byzantine themes .
The document is also an important linguistic document for the Bulgarian language of the 13th century. Thus, in the grammar the ending -тъ the verb form of the third person singular omitted - so was дава instead даватъ written. The abbreviation ще for 3rd person singular present was also used for the old Bulgarian verb хотѣтн , which is used later and to this day in the formation of the future.
Signature formulas of Tsar Ivan Assen II.
After the Battle of Klokotnitsa, Bulgaria reached its greatest extent and bordered three seas: the Adriatic , Aegean and Black Sea . Bulgaria had risen to become the largest and most powerful state on the Balkan Peninsula.
Assen used three formulas for his title in 1230. The first formula - "Tsar of the Bulgarians" (Bulgar. "Цар на българите") - was the shortest and closest to the Bulgarian tradition. This title, engraved on a gold coin - the first in Bulgarian history - was probably engraved right after the Battle of Klokotnitsa on March 9, 1230.
The second title - "Iwan Assen, tsar loyal to Jesus Christ and the sole ruler of the Bulgarians" (Bulgarian "Иван Асен в Христа Бога верен цар и самодържавец на българите") emerged from the first. It is documented in an inscription in the Church of the "Holy Forty Martyrs", Church of the Holy Sepulcher of the Tsar Family in Veliko Tarnovo . This inscription was also made immediately after the victory in the Battle of Klokotnitsa.
At the time of the campaign, the decisive battle had already been won, or shortly after the end of the campaign, Ivan Assen II used a new, third formula for his title - Tsar of the Bulgarians and Greeks (Bulgarian цар на българи и гърци). There are four documents for this: the Vatopedi document (Bulgarian Ватопедска грамота; 1230) for the Athos Monastery of Vatopedi ; a bull of gold (1230); the Dubrovnik document and the Stanimashki inscription (Bulgarian Станимашки надпис; 1231). From these sources there are two official documents: two documents and the gold bull associated with one of the documents. These two official documents are addressed to subjects outside the country and proclaim among foreigners the position of Ivan Assen II and the status in his country.
With the title "Tsar of the Bulgarians and Greeks", Ivan Assen II expresses his endeavors to create a new cosmopolitan empire as heir to Byzantium.
The Dubrovnik charter is written on paper measuring 24 x 14.5 cm. As early as the first half of the 13th century, and thus much earlier than the medieval monarchs in Western Europe, some Bulgarian royal documents were written on paper: the Vatopedi document on 33.3 х 24.4 cm paper with red ink, the Wirginska document (bulg. Виргинска грамота) from Tsar Konstantin Tich Assen 1277 on a 93 х 33 cm sheet of paper.
According to the text of the document, the Dubrovnik document is a "ruler's decree" (Bulgarian "владетелска повеля").
Trade relations with Ragusa
Ragusa (from 1472 Republic of Ragusa ) was loosely dependent on the Venetian great power, the Republic of Venice , from 1205 to 1308 . This benefited the boom in trade and the expansion of trade relations. The Balkan internal trade and the connection to the Italian seaside towns were mostly mediated by the Ragusan merchants. The inner-Balkan mines offered profitable investments. Traders from Ragusa / Dubrovnik and Venice settled in some of the larger Bulgarian cities, for example in Sofia , Melnik and Nessebar .
Bulgaria traded with Venice and Genoa through Ragusa.
In 1191 Byzantium granted the city the right to free trade. Similar rights were granted to the city-state in 1186 by Serbia and in 1189 by Bosnia . Bosnia became an important supplier of raw materials to the city (wood and metals). At the same time, important trade routes into the interior of Southeast Europe ran through Bosnia.
In the 12th century Dubrovnik had a number of political and trade agreements with various Mediterranean cities and ports, as well as with the rulers of neighboring countries. Ragusa thus consolidated its trade relations and secured free trade at sea and on land.
Ragusa signed the first treaty of this kind in 1148 with the city of Molfetta , then in 1164 with Pisa , 1188 with Ravenna , and 1199 with Fano and Ancona .
A charter of Ban Kulin (reign 1163-1204) granted Ragusa privileges in Bosnia. A charter of the Byzantine Emperor Isaac II from 1192 gave the merchants from Ragusa the right to free trade in the Byzantine Empire and Bulgaria. The ruler of Kruja (now Northern Albania) granted Ragusa the privilege of free trade in 1210. In 1230, Tsar Ivan Assen II was granted the privilege for the merchants of Ragusa, which further strengthened the trade monopoly of the Ragusan merchants in the interior of the Balkan Peninsula .
In parallel with the growth of land-based trade, the Ragusans' sea trade also increased. In the 13th century, various trade agreements between the Ragusans and Egypt, Tunisia and other parts of North Africa were added.
The trade relations of the Bulgarians are also documented in a document from Michael Assen IV. From 1253, in a document from Ivan Alexander , which guarantees the Venetians free travel through Bulgaria, as well as in a treaty of the despot Ivanko - ruler of the despotate Dobruja - with the Genoese from 1387.
Text of the certificate
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German translation: My rule issues the decree for the land of Dubrovnik, for the welcome and true guests of my rule, to go throughout the land of my rule, with whatever goods, import and export, or whatever goods they transport and which area or province to go to: come to Bdin ( Vidin ) or Branichevo and Belgrade, or go to Tarnovo and the whole of Sagore, or reach Preslav and the province of Karwuna, or to the Kransk province ( Kran - bulg. Крън) , or Borujsk province ( Stara Sagora ), or Odrin ( Edirne ) and in Dimotika ( Didymoticho ), or in the Skopje province, or in the Prilepsk province, or in the Devolsk province, or in the Albanian country, or to go to Solun ( Thessaloniki ) - everywhere to buy and sell freely without any harm, that there are no bans in all provinces of my rule and to buy and sell without worry as true and willing lwomen of my lordship. Whoever harms them, whether in the ravines, whether on the market, or wherever acts against the law of trade, knows that he is the enemy of my rule and will receive no mercy, but great anger from my rule expected. † ASS, Czar of Bulgaria and Greece †
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Individual evidence
- ↑ Мирчев, Кирил. Историческа граматика на българския език. Наука и Изкуство, Sofia, 1978, German translation of the Bulgarian title: Mirtschew, Kiril. Historical grammar of the Bulgarian language . Nauka i izkustwo Sofia, 1978, pp. 19
- ↑ Hans-Joachim Härtel, Roland Schönfeld: Bulgaria. From the Middle Ages to the present. Regensburg 1998, ISBN 3-7917-1540-2 , p. 52.
- ↑ Иван Божилов, Васил Гюзелев: История на средновековна България VII - XIV век. Verlag Anubis, Sofia 2006, German translation of the title: Iwan Boschilow, Wasil Gjuselew: History of medieval Bulgaria VII - XIV centuries. Volume 1 of the three-volume history of Bulgaria. ISBN 978-954-426-718-6 , p. 487.
- ↑ Иван Петрински: Истинската история на България. Ciela soft and Publishing, Sofia 2009, German translation of the Bulgarian title: Iwan Petrinski: The true story of Bulgaria. ISBN 978-954-28-0286-0 , p. 93.
- ↑ Дубровнишката грамота на същия владетел - 24 х 14.5 см ( Memento of the original from March 26, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Edgar Hösch : History of the Balkan countries. From the early days to the present. CH Beck, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-57299-9 , p. 89.
literature
- Klaus-Dieter Seemann: Genera and genology of the Slavic-Orthodox literatures of the Middle Ages. Wiesbaden 1992, ISBN 3-447-03193-X . (3rd Berlin Conference 1988)
- Stefan Mladenov: History of the Bulgarian Language. Berlin u. a. 1929. (Outline of Slavic Philology and Cultural History, Volume 5)
- Матеев, Михаил: Оризмо за цар Иван Асен. Text of the certificate ( memento from February 25, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- Мирчев, Кирил: Историческа граматика на българския език. Наука и Изкуство, Sofia, 1978.
- Venceslav Nachev: Български царски грамоти: Съставителство, очерци, коментар. Publishing house иристо Ботев, 1996.
- Valeri Stojanov: Дипломатика на средневековите извори: владетелски документи. Publisher BAN, 1991.
- Zdravko Pljakov: Foreign trade relations of medieval Bulgaria with Dubrovnik (Ragusa) (13th and 14th centuries). In: Bulgarian Historical Revue / Revue bulgare d'Histoire. 28,3, 2000, pp. 19-38.
- Григорий Андреевич Ильинский: Грамоты болгарских царей. Русский археологическуй институт в Константинополе, Moscow 1911 = GA Ilyinsky: Gramoty bolgarskikh carey. (Reprint: London 1970, ISBN 0-902089-03-X ) (German translation of the Russian title: Documents of Bulgarian Tsars. )
- Ангелина Даскалова, Мария Райкова: Грамоти на българските царе. Академично издателство "Марин Дринов". Sofia 2005; German translation of the Bulgarian title: Angelina Daskalowa, Maria Rajkowa: Documents of Bulgarian Tsars. ISBN 954-322-034-4 .