Fine printing process
The generic term high quality printing is mainly used in artistic photography and printmaking and includes all manually performed photochemical processes for the production of the printing block and for reproduction on paper or glass with light-sensitive chemicals. As a photographic process there is the totality of all chemical techniques used in photography, with which a photographic image on a carrier material (for example paper, glass, celluloid, screen) in the coated thereon photographic emulsion is produced.
Concept history
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, a multitude of techniques and processes for reproduction in photography and printing technology were developed. They formed the basis for today's printing techniques and imaging processes. These methods are still used today by artists and artist photographers and, as a distinction to the industrially used processes, are called fine printing processes . Originally the term noble printing only referred to the positive process on paper.
Types of procedure
A basic distinction is made between positive , negative and direct positive procedures . According to the photosensitive chemicals used, the techniques can be grouped as follows:
Chrome gelatin process
Here the chemical principle is based on the tanning of gelatine (or other colloids ) under the action of light, which are mixed with ammonium dichromate or potassium dichromate ( chromate process ).
The tanned gelatin ...
- ... is itself a layer of color due to embedded pigments or coloring substances
- Rubber printing ( rubber dichromate process ) - 1858
- Höchheimer Gummidruck , published before 1914 by Alfred Höchheimer
- Combination rubber print
- Pigment print = carbon print also rubber pigment print - 1864
- Anil printing process - 1878
- Surface printing with isinglass as a colloid , developed by Heinrich Kühn in 1915
- ... is colored with grease paint after exposure and washing out. Freshly colored, it is also used as an ink carrier for a transfer printing (transfer process)
- Bromine Pressure - 1902
- as transfer process: bromine oil transfer - 1902
- Oil pressure = oil pigment pressure
- as transfer process: oil transfer printing = bromine oil transfer printing - 1866
- Transfer process: Collotype = phototype - 1870
- Transfer method : Carbrodruck - 1873
- ... forms the acid protection of the plate during the etching process for copper etching for gravure printing
- Helio = photogravure and Photo Gravure , Klicotypie , solar pressure - 1879
- Rubber engraving , a process invented by Heinrich Kühn in 1911 that combines photogravure and rubber printing
- ... is electroplated in copper and transferred in this way to a printing block
- Photogalvanography - 1854 = as a Dallastype since 1873
- Pigment engraving
- ... is molded by being pressed into lead and transferred in this way to a printing block
- Woodburytypie = Photoglypty - 1864
Asphalt process
In the asphalt process, the photographic use is based on the photosensitivity of asphalt , which hardens when exposed to light. An image is created by brushing off or peeling off the unexposed areas with oil. Joseph Niépce took the first photograph in 1822. The oldest surviving photograph dates from 1826 (see fig.)
- Heliography = niepcotype - 1822
- Photolithography (an industrial high-tech advancement, but also used artistically)
- Photo chromium pressure - a high-quality planographic printing method in which a photographic original to a treated asphalt litho is transmitted
Halogen silver processes
Halogen silver processes with bromine , iodine , chlorine or fluorine compounds were developed in the middle of the 19th century. They are still used today in photographic papers. Silver bromide papers are common photo papers for black and white photos. The silver compounds used are the silver halides: silver bromide , silver iodide , silver chloride and silver (I) fluoride .
The halogen silver layer ...
- ... is itself a layer of color due to embedded pigments or coloring substances
- Albumin pressure = albumen paper , albumen copy , protein-development processes - 1850
- Argyrotype
- Auskopierpapier = albumin pressure , Aristopapier or Celloidinpapier
- Ambrotype (= wet collodion positive ) (= melanotype , amphitypy ) - 1851
- Bromine Pressure - 1911
- Carte-de-visite
- Daguerreotype - 1839
- Gelatin Process - 1871
- Ferrotype (= melainotype , sheet metal photography ) - 1856
- Fluorotype - 1844
- Collodion wet plate = collodion process , a wet collodion process - 1851
- Ozotype - 1899
- Ozobrom trial - 1905
- Pannotype - 1853
- Photo xylography (similar to albumen print)
- Salt print = calotype , photogenic drawing , Pencil of Nature
- Steinheil process (chlorine silver process) - 1839
- Calotype = waxed paper negative - 1841
- Drying plate
- ... is as color support for a transfer printing uses
- Bromide silver print
- Uvatypia
- Erwinotype also Erwino method - 1910
- Relief printing
- Pinatypie (color process, further developed to Dye-Transfer and Technicolor )
Process with iron compounds
- Cyanotype = iron blue print - developed by John Herschel in 1842 , uses ammonium iron (III) citrate and potassium hexacyanidoferrate (III)
- The cyanotype was initially used for photographic purposes, but the shade of blue was not particularly popular for photography.
- Kallitypie = brown print , sepia print , Vandyke process , argentotype , Van-Dyke-Braun - 1889
- This is a cyanotype process that was improved through experiments by John Herschel
- Pellet process - direct positive cyanotype process with potassium hexacyanidoferrate (II) patented by H. Pellet in 1878
- Catalysotype - 1844
- Platinum-palladium printing - popular since around 1883 by Pizighelli / Hübl. This method is one of the methods with iron compounds, since the actual light-sensitive substance is an iron oxalate.
(Heavy) metal process
- These processes are the finest of the high-quality printing processes. The tones of the pictures and halftones are as noble as the material.
- Catatype - 1901
- Chrysotype - 1842
- Platinum print
- Palladium print - 1870
- Wothlytypie (= uranium collodion process, uranium pressure ) - 1864
- Ziatype
Color process
- Suction process
- Autochrome process - 1904, on the market from 1907
- Chromotypia - 1843
- Diazotype
- Joly process - 1894/95
- For the Lippmann method, see Gabriel Lippmann
- Hydrotype (dye transfer process) - 1889
Other fine printing processes
- Anthotypia = bleaching process for plant extracts
- Anthracotype = dust method
- Autotype = halftone plate - 1880
- Diavography
- Photo glyphic engraving
- Herschel's breath pressure
- Hydra plate
- Oskeu pressure
- Transfer printing
- Vitrotype
Other photographic processes
See also
literature
- Wolfgang Autenrieth: New and old techniques of etching and fine printing. From witch's meal and dragon's blood to the photopolymer layer. Tips, tricks, instructions and recipes from five centuries - An alchemistic workshop book 6th edition, Krauchenwies 2010, ISBN 978-3-00-035619-3 ( table of contents , (→ excerpts online) )
- Eder, Josef Maria - The pigment process, bromine and rubber printing, blueprint and dusting processes with chromates, pinatypia, kodachrome, hydrotyping, copying processes with coloring organic compounds, diazotype processes, images with tanning and chromogenic developers and artificial resins, Knapp, Halle, 1926, 600 p. Detailed handbook of photography Volume IV (reprinted by Lindemans Buchhandlung, Stuttgart, 1990, ISBN 3928126091 )
- Heidtmann, Frank. - Fine art photographic printing processes today: rubber printing, oil printing, bromo oil printing, transfer printing, pigment printing, Carbro, Erwino process, three-color process, photo engraving and many others. ISBN 3870611839 Berlin [West]: Berlin-Verlag 1978. 349 pp.
- Jaroslav Husnik, August Albert: The entire field of collotype and enamel photography . (= Chemical-technical library ; vol. 22). 5th edition completely revised and supplemented by August Albert. A. Hartleben, Vienna and Leipzig 1922
Web links
- Link collection on printing techniques and artistic fine printing processes
- Society for photographic fine printing processes
- Procedure and Terms Glossary
- Prof. Diether Münzberg , descriptions of numerous fine printing processes
- W. Autenrieth: Techniques of etching and the fine printing process Online book with descriptions and recipes for various fine printing processes
- M. Riat: Graphic Techniques , online book on printing techniques, which also describes the most important photographic high-quality printing processes (7 PDF files, 10.54 MB)