Edward Hindle

Edward Hindle (born March 21, 1886 in Sheffield , Yorkshire , † January 22, 1973 in London ) was a British zoologist and parasitologist .

Life

Hindle was born in Sheffield as the eldest of the two boys and four girls of Edward James Hindle and his wife Sarah Elizabeth Dewar. His early education took over from his mother, a teacher who also recognized his interest in science . She inspired him intellectually, while his father conveyed his passion for music to him.

He attended Bradford Technical College, now the University of Bradford , from where he moved to King's College London in 1903 on a national scholarship , where he graduated in zoology in 1906. From 1907 to 1908 Hindle worked as a research assistant at the Institute for Tropical Medicine in Liverpool . He then traveled to California , where his family had since moved. There he took up a job at the Marine Biological Station in La Jolla , but shortly afterwards moved to the University of California, Berkeley , where he received his Ph.D. PhD.

He returned to England, where he worked until 1914 as from 1910 Kingsley Bye Fellow at Magdalene College of Cambridge University and a Beit Memorial Research Fellow at Quick Laboratory , Cambridge a reputation with his work on insect-borne diseases such as leishmaniasis and yellow fever developed . He spent the summer of 1911 at the Pasteur Institute in Paris.

After he had voluntarily joined the Territorial Forces in Cambridge in 1913, Hindle entered the military with the rank of Second Lieutenant at the outbreak of World War I and was assigned to the Royal Engineers Corps, which first used him in France and later in Palestine . In the winter of 1917/1918 Hindle returned to England and took command of the newly formed Signal Service Training Unit . In April 1918 he returned to Palestine as a signal officer in the 60th Division and later took on the same role in the Indian Forces. In 1919 Hindle was demobilized in Egypt .

In 1919 he married Irene Margeret Twist (died 1933) and took over a professorship in medicine at the Cairo School of Medicine and stayed in Egypt until 1924. After his return to England in 1924, he accepted the Millner Research Fellowship of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine . From 1925 to 1928 he became a member of the Kala Azar Commission in China. From 1928 to 1933 he worked as a Beit Research Fellow for Tropical Diseases at the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research

In 1934 he took over from the resigned John Graham Kerr the Regius Professorship in Zoology at the University of Glasgow and held it until 1943. During this time, he encouraged work on genetics and freshwater biology. One of the students he sponsored was Guido Pontecorvo . In 1936 Hindle married Ellen Mary Theodora Boyen (nee Schroeder). The marriage ended in divorce in 1951.

Since he had already served as an officer in the First World War, he was in command during the Second World War from 1938 onwards with the rank of Lt. Colonel the University's Officer Training Group . Hindle later commanded the city ​​of Glasgow's 14th Battalion , Home Guard .

In 1944 the Zoological Society of London appointed Hindle as Scientific Director, so that he gave up his Regius Professorship and worked in London until 1951.

Hindle became known to the wider population when he introduced Syrian golden hamsters into his laboratories and also as pets. Hindle died on January 22, 1973 in a taxi in London.

job

Hindle's academic work is difficult to classify. Entomologists claim him as one of as it membership in the 37 years after their Royal Entomological Society has made on this issue many important discoveries. But his most important discovery was in the field of virology , where Hindle discovered a vaccine against yellow fever. On the other hand, his most famous act is the introduction of the golden hamster . The entire European population of this animal is descended from two pairs introduced by him. The Académie Royale de Science d'Outre Mer de Belgique reversed the appreciation of these acts in their obituary. Hindle saw himself as a biologist with an interest in insect-borne diseases and belonged to the generation in which these findings had made particular progress.

Hindle took on an enormous number of functions and honorary posts over the course of his career. including:

Association name	position	Period
Scottish Marine Biological Association, Millport	Chairman	1935-1943
Zoological Society, Glasgow and West of Scotland	Founder and first president	1936-1944
Royal Philosophical Society, Glasgow	president	1943-1944
Royal Society of Edinburgh	Vice President	1943-1946
Universities' Federation for Animal Welfare	president	1944-1973
British Association for the Advancement of Science	Secretary General	1946-1951
British Association for the Advancement of Science (Zoology)	president	1947
International Wildfowl Research Bureau	Founder and first director	1947-1961
Institute of Biology	Founder and first president	1951-1953
Royal Geographical Society	Honorary Secretary	1951-1961
International Union of Biological Sciences (Zoology)	president	1953
Royal Geographical Society	Honorary Vice President	1962

Hindle also showed his skills in dealing with people in his teaching. After his arrival in Glasgow he introduced practical exercises against the opposition of more traditionalist colleagues and showed, for example, live lice during his lectures or had fly larvae collected in the swamps in the area. This caused some to leave their posts in Glasgow. On the other hand, students stood in line to find out about insect-borne diseases. Some later gained fame as physicians and zoologists.

In addition to all of these activities, Hindle's editorial activities for scientific journals such as the Cairo Scientific Journal , Parasitology, for which he worked from 1912 until 1968, or the Tropical Diseases Bulletin . In addition, there are magazines he founded, such as Zoo News , where he has suffered setbacks such as One World , which he strongly supports and which, despite support from 25 countries, was never realized due to lack of financial support.

research

Leishmaniasis

The leishmaniasis , known locally as Kala Azar, examined Hindle in the context of the Kala Azar commission first as a member, later as head. He was able to establish a connection between local parasites and local vectors , because similar pathogens could only be transmitted through the local vectors to a limited extent or not at all. However, his experiments were able to uncover the entire chain of connections, from a sand fly species that transmitted the parasite to a local hamster species that, like humans, is a possible final host.

Yellow fever and other infectious diseases

Until 1928, when Hindle started his work at Wellcome Laboratories, he did not seem to have dealt with viruses, although this possibility of infection had already been discovered at the end of the 19th century. In the Wellcome laboratories he met G. Marshall Findlay, with whom he examined yellow fever and panleukopenia . Proof had only just been provided that rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) could also be infected with yellow fever and Hindle was curious to investigate the mechanism under laboratory conditions.

He published the results in 1929 during a meeting at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene House. The most important discovery was the knowledge that monkeys that had previously been vaccinated with an attenuated form of the pathogen achieved good protection against later infection. He confirmed the results with human test subjects in the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz in Brazil and later in Rio de Janeiro , where a yellow fever epidemic had broken out. The vaccine was used prophylactically in West Africa in the following years and its production was modified several times.

Hindle and Findlay's findings concerned other areas, for example the knowledge that living beings other than humans could also be the final hosts of the infection. But as laboratory scholars, they did not see the significance of this finding and they missed the opportunity to draw conclusions about the spread of disease.

Honors

In 1926 the University of Cambridge honored Hindle with a D.Sc. In 1942 he was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Society . Hindle was honored as Freeman of the City of London in 1945 . He represented countless scientific societies as president, general secretary, honorary secretary and vice-president.

bibliography

• 1909, The life history of Trypanosoma dimorphon
• 1910, A cytological study of artificial parthenogenesis in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
• 1914, Flies in relation to disease; bloodsucking flies
• 1922, A laboratory notebook of elementary zoology

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v} Virginia Russell, Archive Assistant, November 14, 2000: Papers of Edward Hindle, 1886-1973, biologist and zoologist, Regius Professor of Zoology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, 1935-1944. In: University of Glasgow Archive Services (GB 248 DC 075). Retrieved May 15, 2019 .  
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am} P. CC Garnham: Edward Hindle. (PDF) 1886 - 1973, elected FRS 1942. In: Biographies of Fellows. Royal Society, accessed May 15, 2019 .  
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} unknown: Edward Hindle. In: University of Glasgow website. Retrieved April 26, 2019 .  
4. ↑ ^{a b} unknown: Scottish Office, Whitehall SW October 1st, 22nd, 1935. In: London Gazette. October 25, 1935, accessed May 22, 2019 .  
5. ↑ unknown: Edward Hindle. 175 Heroes. In: http://175Heroes.co.uk . Retrieved May 15, 2019 .  

predecessor	Office	successor
John Graham Kerr	Regius Professor of Zoology 1935 - 1943	Charles Maurice Yonge