Copper-colored sandpiper
| Copper-colored sandpiper | ||||||||||||
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Copper-colored sandpiper |
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| Elaphrus cupreus | ||||||||||||
| Duftschmid , 1812 |
The copper-colored sandpiper or bronze- colored Raschkäfer ( Elaphrus cupreus ) is a beetle from the family of ground beetles (Carabidae). The nimble, bronze-colored beetle reaches a body length of seven to nine millimeters and is noticeable through the pit-like depressions on the wing covers.
The species is classified as not endangered in the Red List of Endangered Species in Germany and in the states of Baden-Württemberg , Bavaria and Saxony-Anhalt .
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| Fig. 1: Front view | Fig. 5: Bottom |
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| Fig. 2: side view | |
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Fig. 3: Head from below, right partially colored eyes and antennae on the side, front jaw above light blue: front jaw probe , green: lip probe dark blue: rear jaw probe , yellow: chin |
Fig. 6: Front leg (head left) A colored: ocher: thigh, blue: splint green: tarsus, red and yellow: terminal spines B : outside of front leg C : seen from below inside |
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Fig. 4: Section of the underside of the head above, on the right partially colored Front chest with closed hip cavities ocher: rear chest, green: rear hip dark blue: hip ring of the hind leg light blue: hind leg , red: 1st abdominal star |
Fig. 7: Section of the side view, reduced in size below and partially colored light blue: fore leg, blue: middle thigh dark blue: hind leg , green: middle chest (metasternum), red: epimer of middle chest yellow: middle hip, pink: thigh ring |
Notes on the name
The species was first described by Duftschmid in 1812 in the 2nd part of his Fauna Austriae . Duftschmid begins the short Latin inscription with the words Cupreo-aeneus ... . The species name cúprĕus (Latin: copper-colored) describes the body color.
The generic name Elaphrus (from ancient Greek ελαφρός elaphrós, nimble) comes from Fabricius . The genus initially comprised a broader range of beetles and was called Raschkäfer in German . Elaphrus cupreus' locomotion is not particularly fast.
The genus Elaphrus is represented in Europe with 4 subgenera and twelve species. There are around forty species worldwide, which are divided into five subgenera.
features
The shape of the body is reminiscent of a tiger beetle , the head, pronotum and wing covers are clearly separated from each other.
The head is narrower than the pronotum between the eyes , but the eyes are hemispherical and protrude to the side and their outer edge clearly protrudes beyond the outer edge of the pronotum. The antennae are eleven, thread-shaped, relatively short for ground beetles and thicken slightly towards the outside. They are hairy from the outer end of the fourth member. The upper lip is short, with a series of bristle-bearing pore points on the front edge (clearly visible in Fig. 1 at higher resolution). The upper jaws are pointed and slightly serrated on the inner edge at the base. The beetle has two pairs of jaw buttons , the front two-limbed, the rear four-limbed (Fig. 3, right light and dark blue). The lip buttons (Fig. 3, green on the right) are tripartite. The end link of the two-part jaw probe is spindle-shaped, the other two buttons are trimmed at the front and are cylindrical. The chin has three teeth and the middle tooth is split (Fig. 3, right yellow).
The pronotum is narrowed in front and behind, rounded on the sides. Compared to the similar Elaphrus uliginosus , it is more arched and has only very fine margins (Fig. 2). The elytra are significantly wider than the pronotum with well-developed shoulders. They widen at the beginning, are widest in the middle and in the back half they are rounded together in a semicircle. They have four rows of large, staggered, bluish eye spots. These are each surrounded by a ring-shaped wall. Next to the seam, there are shiny, smooth surfaces (mirror spots) between the eye spots. The four middle mirror spots are about the same size.
On the metallic greenish underside of the body, the association with the ground beetles becomes clear. The rear hips (Fig. 4, right green) lie broadly against the rear breast (Fig. 4, right yellow). Inside, they touch and are expanded like a plate, so that the first posterior ventral sternite (Fig. 4, right red) is only visible from the side. The thigh ring of the hind legs (Fig. 4, right dark blue) is ovoid. The epimers of the mid-breast (Fig. 7, below red) reach the hip cavities, in which the mid-hips (Fig. 7, below yellow) are turned. The front hip cavities are closed. In contrast to Elaphrus riparius , the underside of the front breast is not hairy long and white.
All legs have a five-part tarsus (tarsal formula 5-5-5) and have two thorns at the end of the splint. On the front legs, the outer end spine (Fig. 6, red in A) does not reach the front edge of the front rails. Before this mandrel is deflected, a depression opens out on the underside of the front splint, which is surrounded by a system of bristles and teeth (Fig. 6 C). It is used to clean the antennae. In the copper-colored sandpiper , the rails are reddish and the tarsi are steel blue.
Occurrence
The copper-colored sandpipers occur from northern southern Europe across central Europe to northern Europe . In the east the distribution area extends to Siberia . They live in particular in humid areas, such as on muddy banks, in swampy forests and in peat bogs , especially in the lowlands, less often in the mountains. You can find them hidden under stones and leaves.
Way of life
The animals feed on small insects and their larvae . The adults hibernate buried in the ground.
literature
- Heinz Joy, Karl Wilhelm Harde, Gustav Adolf Lohse: The beetles of Central Europe . tape 2 . Adephaga 1. Elsevier, Spektrum, Akad. Verl., Munich 1976, ISBN 3-87263-025-3 .
- Ekkehard Wachmann , Ralph Platen, Dieter Barndt: Ground beetles - observation, way of life . 1st edition. Naturbuch-Verlag, Augsburg 1995, ISBN 3-89440-125-7 .
- Helgard Reichholf-Riehm: Insects. 1984, Munich
- Carl Gustav Calwer and Gustav Jäger (eds.): CG Calwer's Käferbuch . K. Thienemanns, Stuttgart 1876, 3rd edition
Individual evidence
- ↑ Red lists at BioNetworkX
- ↑ Kaspar Duftschmid: Fauna Austriæ, or description of the Austrian insects: for budding friends of entomology 2nd part, Linz and Leipzig 1812 first description p. 194
- ↑ Sigmund Schenkling: Explanation of the scientific beetle names (species)
- ↑ Sigmund Schenkling: Explanation of the scientific beetle names (genus)
- ↑ Elaphrus at Fauna Europaea. Retrieved March 18, 2013
- ↑ Subgenus of the genus Elaphrus at BioLib
