Erebia euryale
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Erebia euryale , also uncommonly known as the Bergwald-Mohrenfalter or Berg-Mohrenfalter , is a butterfly (day butterfly ) from the subfamily of the eye butterflies (Satyrinae). The specific epithet is derived from Euryale , one of the three Gorgons from Greek mythology .
features
The moths are medium-sized and have a wingspan of about 40 millimeters. The basic color of the wings varies in darker brown tones. The upper side of the fore and hind wings has a relatively wide red post disk band that z. Sometimes it is somewhat constricted or even dissolved into red spots. The bandage usually does not reach the front and rear edges of the wings. In the band are several, usually three to four, black eye-spots of varying size, which are rarely cored on the upper side and more often white on the lower side of the wings. The underside of the hind wing varies the color and intensity of the post disk band particularly strongly. It can be very weakly drawn and hardly stand out from the basic color, or especially in females it can be yellowish whitish and very sharply delimited inward. Occasionally a second band is even formed, which sharply delimits the root region inward. The variability in the drawing, the size and formation of the eye-spots and, above all, the formation of the post discal band on the underside of the hind wing gave rise to the establishment of numerous subspecies, varieties and aberrations. The male has no scented scales on the top of the forewings.
The basic shape of the egg is oval, but broadly rounded at the upper end and clearly flattened at the lower end. After being deposited, it is initially light yellow or whitish with a weak yellowish tone. After a few, it turns brownish or light beige. The surface has 13 to 18 (mostly 15 to 17) distinct longitudinal ribs.
In the 5th instar , the caterpillar is colored light brown, more rarely reddish brown. The light-edged back line is dark brown to blackish and is usually weak on the first segments and clearly developed on the rear segments. The secondary back lines and the side lines are dark brown, brown or gray-brown and clearly drawn. The sideline over the spiracles (epistigmatals) is usually wedge-shaped in segments 2 to 7. The rounded head is brown and has no markings.
The squat looking doll measures 12 to 14.5 millimeters in length. The proboscis sheath is significantly longer than the wing sheaths. The head and abdomen are light brown, the thorax , extremities and wing sheaths are slightly lighter in color. The spiracles are brown. The wing sheaths have no drawing, the abdomen is only a very weak one. The cremaster is drawn out in two blunt points, which, however, have no bristles.
Similar species
As a rule, Erebia euryale can hardly be confused with the white-banded carrot ( Erebia ligea ). It differs mainly in its smaller size and the underside of the hind wing, where the white band is usually missing. However, some populations (subspecies) also have a white band, the outer boundary of which is always blurred. The white-banded Mohrenfalter ( Erebia ligea ) always has a clearly defined white post-discal band, which, however, can be very much reduced in individual specimens and can therefore make it difficult to differentiate. In the white-bound mountain forest Mohrenfalter there are usually individual, small white spots on the underside of the hind wing. The Graubindige Mohrenfalter ( Erebia aethiops ) has a gray-white, somewhat faded-looking band on the underside of the hind wing.
Geographical distribution and habitat
Erebia euryale occurs in mountainous locations from Spain to the Urals (but see under taxonomy!). It is proven in the Cantabrian Mountains , the Pyrenees, in the French Massif Central , in the Jura , in the Alps , the Carpathians, in the Giant Mountains (southern Poland, Czech Republic), in the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula to the Pindus and Rhodopes in northern Greece and in the Apennines south to the Abruzzo . There are other occurrences in northern Russia, southern Russia ( Udmurtia ) and in the Urals . However, the occurrence in the Urals is controversial; some authors see the eastern border of the area in Karelia being reached.
The species prefers coniferous forests , forest meadows and green alder stocks from an altitude of 800 meters in the Jura and in the northern Alps. In the Southern Alps and the Pyrenees , it occurs from an altitude of 1,600 meters. In the Central Alps it occurs up to an altitude of 2,400 meters.
Way of life
Erebia euryale have a two year development cycle . The moths' flight time is between late June and late August. Due to the two-year development period, the two cohorts of the population can be unequal. In the Bavarian Alps, the moths are more common in odd years than in even years. The eggs are individually attached to green or dried-up parts of the plant near the ground.
Erebia euryale's eggs first overwinter before the caterpillars develop. They hatch in spring and feed on various types of grass . They overwinter again as half-grown caterpillars. A total of five stages are formed (L1-5). Tolman & Lewington mentioned as larval food plants sesleria albicans ( Sesleria albicans ), Festuca ovina ( Festuca ovina ), Festuca rubra ( Festuca rubra ), Alps fescue ( Festuca alpina ), Poa nemoralis ( Poa nemoralis ), Carex Flacca ( Carex flacca ), rust-sedge ( Carex ferruginea ) and colored riding grass ( Calamagrostis varia ). Sonderegger (2005) also mentions borst grass ( Nardus stricta ), eyrie sedge ( Carex sempervirens ), whitish grove rush ( Luzula luzuloides ), common ball grass ( Dactylis glomerata ), turf sedge ( Deschampsia cespitosa ), common sedge ( Anthatumoxanthum ) and Common trembling grass ( Briza media ). The caterpillar, which is ready to pupate, uses a few threads and dry parts of the plant to make a chamber, usually in tufts of grass on the ground, in which it then pupates. The pupal stage lasted 13 to 15 days in breeding.
Taxonomy
The taxonomy (scope and subdivision) of Erebia euryale is currently still controversial. While authors from Western and Central Europe tend to summarize the individual populations and regard them as subspecies, Russian authors refer to them as euryale species complex and treat them as independent, closely related species. The two extreme positions in taxonomy can also be paraphrased using the terms “ lumping ” and “ splitting ”. Area information on Erebia euryale is correspondingly different in the literature . In the broad version of the species ("lumping"), six to eight subspecies are distinguished:
- Erebia euryale euryale esper, the nominate subspecies, Giant Mountains, Sudeten, Northern Alps.
- Erebia euryale adyte Hübner , 1822, in the central and southern Alps to the Ortler group as well as in the Swiss Jura and parts of Abruzzo . This subspecies has larger eye spots with a distinct white core, the red-brown band is usually somewhat constricted on vein 4.
- Erebia euryale ocellaris Staudinger , 1861, in the Eastern and Southern Alps east of the Ortler. In this case, the red-brown bandage is greatly reduced, so that mostly only red-brown spots can be seen around the point-shaped, uncut eye spots. Intermediate forms with a reduced bandage occur locally in Switzerland. However, Schmitt & Haubrich (2008) found only very minor genetic differences to Erebia euryale isarica and only consider ocellaris as a local form breed.
- Erebia euryale isarica Heyne, 1895, Northern Alps, Swiss Jura, French Massif Central, the male eye spots are blind
- Erebia euryale syrmia Fruhstorfer , 1909, Balkan Peninsula, Bulgaria, Romania
In addition, there are the populations of the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains, which differ significantly in molecular-genetic terms from the populations of the Western Alps and Alps. The name antevortes Verity, 1927, would be available here, but it is not used by the authors of the study. The extent of the taxon to the east is unclear. Tatarinov & Dolgin (1997) considered euryaloid Tengström, 1893, as a subspecies of E. euryale . The population in the Northern Urals was also assigned to a taxon as E. euryale arctica . Vadim Tshikolovets also followed this view in 2003.
A much more fragmented Erebia euryale taxonomy was suggested by Korshunov & Nikolaev (2004). You speak of the Erebia euryale species complex. Then Erebia euryale s is divided. st. into the following subspecies:
- Erebia euryale tramelana Reverdin, 1918
- Erebia euryale isarica Heyne, 1895
- Erebia euryale tatrica beach, 1915
- Erebia euryale euryale (Esper, 1805)
- Erebia euryale syrmia Fruhstorfer, 1909
- Erebia euryale segregata Reverdin, 1918
The populations of the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains are separated as a separate species Erebia antevortes Verity, 1927 and divided into three subspecies:
- Erebia antevortes antevortes Verity, 1927, High Pyrenees
- Erebia antevortes cantabricola Verity, 1927, Cantabrian Mountains
- Erebia antevortes pyraenaeicola Goltz, 1930, Eastern Pyrenees
In addition, two populations in the Eastern Carpathians were separated as Erebia polonina Nikolaev, 2004 and Erebia limena Nikolaev, 2004 as separate species.
The former subspecies euryaloides Tengström 1869 is considered a separate species with five subspecies:
- Eerebia euryaloides euryaloides Tengström, 1869
- Eerebia euryaloides flaveoides Korshunov et Tatarinov, 1996
- Eerebia euryaloides taiga Nikolaev & Korshunov, 2004
- Eerebia euryaloides zhuravskyi Nikolaev & Korshunov, 2004
- Eerebia euryaloides arctica Poppius, 1906.
The euryale adyte (Huebner), which is regarded as a subspecies in the conservative view , is also assessed by these authors as an independent species with the following subspecies:
- Erebia adyte adyte (Hübner, 1822), southern western and central Alps
- Erebia adyte etobyma Fruhstorfer, 1909 (? = Phoreta Fruhstorfer, 1918), Maritime Alps
- Erebia adyte brutiorum Turati, 1911, Apennines
According to these authors, Erebia ocellaris Staudinger, 1861 and Erebia iremelica Korshunov, 1995 from the Central and Southern Ural Mountains also belong to the species complex . According to the molecular genetic studies by Schmitt & Haubrich (2008) and morphological studies by Sonderegger (2005), this extensive fragmentation of Erebia euryale is unlikely to prevail.
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ Red lists at Science4you
- ^ Arnold Spuler: The butterflies of Europe . tape 1 . E. Schweitzerbartsche Verlagbuchhandlung, Stuttgart 1908, p. 39 .
- ^ Tolman & Lewington (1998: 204)
- ↑ John G. Coutsis & Nikos Ghavalás: The skipper and Butterflies of the Greek part of the Rhodope massif (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea & Papilionoidea). Phegea, 29 (4): 143–157, 2001 PDF ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ DA Adakhovskiy: Erebia Euryale (Lepidoptera, Satyridae), type in the new composition of the boreal complex of butterflies of Udmurtia. Vestnik Udmurtskogo Universiteta - Biologija, nauki o zemle, 2: 29–33, Izevsk 2008 ISSN 1810-5505 PDF
- ↑ www.tagschmetterlinge.de - Erebia euryale
- ↑ a b c d Sonderegger (2005: pp. 147–184)
- ↑ a b Schmitt & Haubrich (2008: p. 2194ff.)
- ↑ Euryale euryale syrmia
- ^ Mihai Stănescu: The catalog of the “Ioan Lăzărescu” Collection of Lepidoptera (Insecta) from the “Grigore Antipa” National Museum of Natural History (Bucharest). Travaux du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa”, 48: 213–288, 2005 PDF
- ^ AG Tatarinov and MM Dolgin: To the Knowledge of the Intraspecific Variation of the Satyrid Erebia euryale Esp. (Lepidoptera, Satyridae) in Northeastern European Russia. Abstract ( Memento of the original from December 14, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 168 kB)
- ↑ Tshikolovets (2003: p. 98)
- ↑ Korshunov & Nikolaev (2004): Euroasian Entomological Journal, Moscow-Novosibirsk, 3 (1): 47-58 Abstract
- ↑ Nikolaev - Familia Satyridae
literature
- Walter Forster and Theodor A. Wohlfahrt: Butterflies of Central Europe. Volume II. Butterfly diurna (Rhopalocera and Hesperiidae). Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1955
- Peter Sonderegger: The Erebia of Switzerland (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae, Genus Erebia) . 712 pp., Biel / Bienne 2005
- Tom Tolman and Richard Lewington: The butterflies of Europe and Northwest Africa , Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-440-07573-7
- Marta Vila, Tomás Latasa, Juan J. Pino and Georges Verhulst: Characterization of ten polymorphic microsatellite markers for the endemic Chapman's ringlet, Erebia palarica (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). European Journal of Entomology, 106: 485-490, 2009 ISSN 1210-5759 abstract
- Thomas Schmitt and Karola Haubrich: The genetic structure of the mountain forest butterfly Erebia euryale unravels the late Pleistocene and postglacial history of the mountain coniferous forest biome in Europe. Molecular Ecology, 17: 2194-2207, 2008 doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-294X.2007.03687.x
- Vadim Tshikolovets: Butterflies of Eastern Europe, Urals and Caucasus: an illustrated guide. 176 pp., Kyiv, 2003, ISBN 966-02-2861-9
annotation
- ↑ The German names are unusual; Sonderegger (2005) explicitly states: “No common German name” available
Web links
- Lepiforum e. V. Taxonomy and Photos
- www.schmetterling-raupe.de
- Erebia euryale at Fauna Europaea
- Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa (English)