Erik crown
The Erik crown (after King Erik XIV. ) As the Swedish krona is one of the oldest Swedish National Regalia and is used by the Swedish monarch as royal crown on ceremonial occasions, such as at coronations , royal weddings and baptisms. It was made in Stockholm by the Flemish goldsmith Cornelius ver Weiden , who also made the imperial orb. The crown was received at Erik XIV's coronation in 1561. Ver Weiden may have used gold and precious stones from earlier crowns for this .
The crown has a weight of 1700 grams and is therefore 15 grams lighter today than before the restoration in 1970. It was 23.7 centimeters high, including the cruciform globe added in 1818.
description
General
The crown consists of a circlet with four larger and four smaller leaves between the rungs. From the four larger leaves, two brackets run cross-shaped over the head, on the apex of which a cruciform globe with an enamel cross is attached. Three pearls are attached above the rungs between the eight leaves .
The entire crown wears detailed goldsmithing and enamel work of various colors and is set with gemstones , pearls and diamonds . Originally the work was made in a style similar to the Renaissance, but this was gradually changed. For example, in 1818 diamonds were added over the eight leaves that were left there after large parts of the crown had been restored.
Gemstones
The crown ring is set with a large cabochon- cut ruby (red) under the large leaves on the front and back and a large round-cut emerald (green) under the two large side leaves. Under the four small leaves on the crown circlet there is a diamond made of quartz (colorless) with a square surface.
In the center of the large front and back leaves there is a smaller round-cut emerald (green) and in the middle of the large side leaves a slightly smaller round-cut ruby (red). In the middle of each of the small leaves there is a diamond made of quartz (colorless) with a square surface.
Goldsmithing and enamel work
On closer inspection one can find seven figures of the cardinal virtues and Caritas humana (from Latin for human love ) carved in gold on the crown circlet. The eight leaves are adorned with two lions each; some carry a vase, others the coat of arms of the Wasa house .
The three crowns of Sweden , the three lions of Denmark and the ax-bearing lion of Norway can be found in enamel , which is intended to represent the Kalmar Union (1397–1523), which was followed by the three-crown war .
Monograms
The originally colored monogram of King Erik XIV ( ER for "Ericus Rex") is engraved in gold on the rungs of the crown circlet . The brothers Johann III. and Charles IX. overthrew their older half-brother in 1568 because of his state of mind by means of an uprising, after which Johann III. shortly afterwards was crowned king. As a result, he had his brother's eight monograms each covered with two vertically stacked pearls and further pearl cartridges removed. The latter were restored as they were on the crown in the time of Erik XIV.
Swedish stirrup crowns
With the crown stirrups , King Erik wanted to express the wish to maintain Sweden's importance as an independent state after the final exit from the Kalmar Union in 1523. To assert oneself as a hereditary monarch is usually more difficult than if the people were behind him as in an elective monarchy .
The first temple crown was worn by the King of the Holy Roman Empire, Charlemagne . The model for the Crown Erik XIV was probably the Crown Elisabeth I.
The first closed crown in Sweden was the funeral crown of Gustav I. Wasa. Funeral crowns are mostly made of simpler metals and are often lined with black velvet . The crown in his lifetime and all previous Swedish crowns were open and had no hangers.
Changes and restorations
Missing pearls
Originally, pearls were attached to the top of the leaves. In 1818 King Charles XIV. John had them exchanged for diamonds, and they are still there today. The brilliants were occasionally replaced by pearls just to show the original condition of the crown. The pearls gave the crown a more renaissance look as they were widely used in the jewelry and clothing industry during this period. There were also pearls on Elizabeth I's crown.
Some of the pearls were later placed on the ducal crown of Prince Oskar II .
Diamond rosettes
King Charles XIV. John also had eight diamond rosettes placed on the crown circlet under the large leaves, while the rubies and emeralds removed from there were placed on the rungs.
The two vertical pearls with which King John III. the monograms King Erik XIV had covered were replaced with more diamond rosettes.
In 1909 the diamond rosettes were replaced again with the two vertically attached pearls, as can also be seen in later pictures of the crown and how they are e.g. B. is also shown in 1927 in Bonniers Konversations lexikon . The picture also shows the still existing round and square cut diamonds above the leaves. In the 1930s or 1940s, the bars were restored to the original. The diamond rosettes were set in a diadem that the royal princess Victoria of Sweden still wears today .
In the treasury, where the crown jewels are kept, one of the pearl settings on the crown circlet has been removed to present the monogram of King Erik XIV.
Cross globe
King Karl XIV. Johann had the enamel cross globe attached to the golden bow cross replaced by a new blue cross globe. The globe was set with stars and ribbons of diamonds and bears a large diamond cross. The original cruciform globe is decorated with detailed gold figures in the Renaissance style and goes better with the crown. The blue cross globe formed a strong contrast to the crown and disturbed its symmetry, as it was too large compared to the rest of the crown, for example.
Before the treasury was opened for the permanent exhibition of the crown jewels in 1970, the crown was fitted with the original cruciform globe again. The blue cross globe is next to the crown.
Historical
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Manufacture of the imperial regalia
The crown of King Erik XIV was created for his coronation in 1561 together with a scepter and orb. The shelves were originally ordered in Antwerp , but not delivered. Based on this order, historians initially assumed that the Swedish imperial regalia came from Antwerp. Rudolf Cederström proved in 1942 in his work De svenska riksregalierna that all imperial regalia, with the exception of the crown and the imperial orb , were made by masters from Sweden.
Small changes and damage
King Erik XIV. Had before his marriage to Karin Månsdotter by Frantz Beijer make small changes to the Imperial regalia. The nature and extent of the changes are currently unknown.
The crown fell to the ground several times during the time of King Erik XIV. When King Erik XIV married Karin Månsdotter in 1568, the Norwegian Chancellor Nils Gyllenstierna (1526–1601) lost the crown. Charles XII, too . she fell off her head after the coronation ceremony in 1697 while mounting a horse.
During the reign of King Charles XII. he probably had the monogram CRS ("Carolus Rex Suecicae") engraved in smaller parts of the coronet.
When Queen Ulrika Eleonore abdicated in favor of her husband Friedrich in 1720, Friedrich was crowned with the crown of Queen Maria Eleonora because a dispute broke out between the spouses over the responsibility of the queen over the imperial regimes and the supervision of the authorities. Since the dispute could not be resolved by the time of the coronation, the chamberlains refused to release the crown to Erik XIV. Later, however, as king he was able to allow himself to wear the crown of Erik XIV, especially since Ulrika Eleanor had not released her crown either.
The crown of Queen Maria Eleonora was about 2,500 grams heavier than that of King Erik XIV. For example, King Frederick decided to wear the crown of King Erik XIV (with a crown ring replaced because of the monograms of King Charles XII) and a newly tailored royal cloak on ceremonial occasions of Queen Christina's heavy coat . After King Friedrich's death in 1751, the old crown circlet was reattached.
today
Since 1970 the crown has been lined with the original plain red velvet, which was made in 1778 during the reign of King Gustav III. served as a cap. During this period, caps were often made of purple velvet with beaded gold embroidery. The imperial regalia are presented in the treasury as a permanent exhibition.
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Riksregalierna. Sveriges Kungahus, accessed August 26, 2017 .
- ↑ a b c Stig Fogelmarck, KE Granath: Skattkammaren. Rikets regalier och dyrbarheter. Stockholm's slott . 2nd Edition. Stockholm 1987, ISBN 91-85726-24-9 .
- ^ Sven T. Kjellberg: Slott och herresieten i Sverige. De kungliga sloted . Part 1: Kungliga slottet i Stockholm, Drottningholm, Ulriksdal och Sofiero . Allhems, Malmö 1971, p. 98-103 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y När var hur 1953 . Vol. 9. DN, Stockholm 1952, ISSN 0347-3333 , p. 152-156 .
- ↑ a b c Clara Nevéus, BJ de Waern: Ny Svensk vapenbok . Streiffert, Stockholm 1992, ISBN 91-7886-092-X , p. 12-15 .
- ^ Yngve Lorents: Bonniers Konversations lexikon . tape 9 : Park - Sagån . Bonnier, Stockholm 1927, Sp. 923-924 .