Eyam

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Eyam
St. Lawrence Church
St. Lawrence Church
Coordinates 53 ° 17 ′  N , 1 ° 40 ′  W Coordinates: 53 ° 17 ′  N , 1 ° 40 ′  W
Eyam (England)
Eyam
Eyam
Residents 926 (2001)
administration
Post town HOPE VALLEY
ZIP code section S32
prefix 01433
Part of the country England
region East Midlands
Shire county Derbyshire
District Derbyshire Dales
British Parliament High peak

Eyam ( / ˈiːm / ) is a village in Derbyshire , England . The Middle English village in the Peak District is known to this day as the "Plague Village" because it quarantined itself in August 1665 when the Great Plague arrived from London to prevent the infection from spreading further north. Eyam is a founding of the Anglo-Saxons , who gave the place its name. The Romans had already mined lead in the area.

The plague

A plague cottage with a plague plaque in honor of some of the victims

The plague reached the village in rat flea- infested balls of cloth that were delivered from London to local dealer George Viccars. Viccars died after a week and was buried on September 7, 1665. After further deaths, the citizens turned to their head, the Anglican priest William Mompesson and the Puritan pastor Thomas Stanley. Both took a number of precautionary measures to help reduce the spread of the disease. This included families having to bury their own dead and the relocation of services from St. Lawrence Parish Church to Cucklett Delph, a nearby limestone formation. The residents should be able to keep enough distance from one another so as not to infect one another. The most important decision, however, was to put the village in quarantine to prevent further spread of the disease. The plague raged in the village for 14 months and was proven to be responsible for the deaths of over 260 residents. Of the former 350 inhabitants, only 83 survived. This calculation was repeated several times with the alternative values ​​of 430 survivors out of 800 inhabitants.

When the first foreigners visited Eyam a year later, they found less than a quarter of the former residents to have survived the plague. Survival seemed accidental as many survivors had close contact with the plague bacteria but never fell ill. For example, Elizabeth Hannock never fell ill, although she had to bury her six children and her husband within eight days. These graves are known as the Riley graves. The unofficial gravedigger Marshall Howe also survived the epidemic, although he had to touch many infected bodies, but he had survived an infection before. Although the CCR5 - gene mutation CCR5Δ32 was found in a significantly increased number of 14% for descendants of Pestüberlebenden, no relation of survival could be made to the base.

Attractions

"Coolstone", boundary stone with holes to put coins in

Today Eyam has various sights related to the plague, such as the Coolstone, in which they put money soaked in vinegar - it was believed that the vinegar killed the infection - in order to buy food and medicine from outside, or the aforementioned Riley graves or the Cucklett Delph. The only pub in the village is the Miner's Arms . Opposite the church is the Mechanics' Institute , which is used as an event hall. As a place of the labor movement, it was founded in Eyam in 1824, and had a library with 766 volumes, which was financed through membership. For 1857 there are 30 members who paid a little more than a penny contribution per month. Along the main street is the Eyam Hall in the style of the English late Renaissance (Jacobean period). The building was erected around eleven years after the plague, has been in the family since then and is now partially used as a museum. On the opposite meadow is the historic stick that allegedly used to punish minor offenses by the villagers. A Victorian-style youth hostel is located on a hill. Opened in 1994, the Eyam Museum contains exhibits related to local history and especially the plague epidemic of 1665.

Anglo-Saxon cross

Anglo-Saxon cross from the 7th century.

There is an Anglo-Saxon cross in the graveyard of St. Lawrence Church, which is dated to the eighth century AD. It was probably originally set up by missionaries as a wayside cross west of Eyam near the moors at Cross Low . It was found next to a dirt road on the moor in the 18th century and brought to the cemetery. It is a Grade I monument and classified as a Scheduled monument of National Importance. The cross is covered with rich designs and almost completely preserved, only a small part of the shaft is missing. A replica of the cross, but with the part missing from the original, is part of the war memorial at Blundells School in Tiverton, Devon .

Personalities

  • Anna Seward (1747–1809), poet
  • Richard Furness (1791–1857), poet from Eyam
  • Robert Eden, 3rd Baron Auckland, priest in Eyam between 1823 and 1825. Then 3rd Lord of Auckland; Bishop of Sodor and Man 1847–1854, then Bishop of Bath and Wells , 1854–1869.
  • Egbert Hacking, priest in Eyam between 1884 and 1886, then Archdeacon of Newark

Literary and musical treatment

Poems

  • John Holland: The Village of Eyam: a poem in four parts. Macclesfield, 1821
  • William and Mary Howitt : The Desolation of Eyam , London, 1827, reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, 2008
  • The Tale of Eyam, a story of the plague in Derbyshire, and other poems by an OLD BLUE , London, 1888

Novels

  • Marjorie Bowen : God and the Wedding Dress , Hutchinson, 1938
  • Jill Paton Walsh: A Parcel of Patterns. Puffin Books, 1983, children's book
  • Berlie Doherty : Children of Winter , Methuen, 1985, children's book, TV version 1994
  • Linda Kempton: The Naming of William Rutherford. Heinemann, 1992, children's book
  • Geraldine Brooks: Year of Wonders. Fourth Estate, 2001
  • MI McAllister: Black Death. Oxford University Press, 2003, children's book
  • Malcolm Rose Kiss of Death , Usborne Publishing, 2006, children's book
  • Paul McCusker, Walt Larimore: TSI: The Gabon Virus. Howard Books (USA), 2009, Christian Literature

play

  • Joyce Dennys: Isolation At Eyam; a play in one act for women. French, 1954
  • Don Taylor: The Roses of Eyam. First performance in 1970, TV performance in 1973; Heinemann, 1976
  • Anne Hanley: Ring Around the Rosie. Stage reading from the Fairbanks Shakespeare Theater (Alaska), 2004
  • Plague at Eyam , a script for young adults, Association of Science Education, 2010, available online (PDF; 150 kB)
  • Matt Hartley: Eyam; A New Play by Matt Hartley. Shakespeare's Globe London, 2018 Premiere Details

Opera

  • John D. Drummond, Patrick Little (libretto): Plague upon Eyam. an opera in three acts, University of Otago Press (New Zealand), 1984; Music on Mr Polly at the Potwell Inn , Sirius CD SP004, 2000
  • Les Emmans, Pat Mugridge (libretto) Ring Of White Roses , Opera comica in one act, 1984, Plays & Musicals, 2004, preview script
  • Ivor Hodgson: The Plague of Eyam. 2010; Overture performed on BBC radio in March 2010

musical

  • Andrew Peggie, Stephen Clark (text): Eyam: A Musical. 1990, CD Joseph Weinberger, 1995; London, Bridewell Theater production, 1998
  • Darren Vallier: A Ring of Roses. Dress Circle Records (STG1) 1996; First performance at the Savoy Theater, 1997; Jasper Publishing, 2004
  • Eddie Brierley, Peter Robinson, Arthur Connett: The Ring of Stones. World premiere at Dancehouse Theater, Manchester (1999), then Lyric Theater at the Lowry Center in December 2000. Resumption in 2010, tour in north-west England, final performance in 2011 Edinburgh Festival Fringe.

Songs

  • John Trevor (aka Beau): Roses of Eyam. 1975 and Cherry Red , 2007; Recorded by Roy Bailey: Hard Times , 1985 and Past Masters , Fuse Records, 1998 ;.
  • iLiKETRAiNS: We All Fall Down. Album Elegies to Lessons Learned , 2007

literature

General
  • William Wood: The history and antiquities of Eyam; with a full and particular account of the great plague, which desolated that village, AD 1666. Richard Keene, Derby 1865; Reprint: Nabu Press, 2010, ISBN 978-1-146-16814-4 .
  • Nicola Wright, Nick McCann: The Eyam Book. Heritage House Group, 2006, ISBN 0-85101-402-X .
pest
  • John G. Clifford: Eyam Plague, 1665-1666. 2nd Edition. JG Clifford, Eyam 2003, ISBN 0-9544666-0-8 .
  • Gordon Richard Batho: The Plague at Eyam: A. Tercentenary Re-Evaluation. Derbyshire Archaeological Journal, Volume 84, Issue 1, 1964, pp. 81-91.
  • MJ Howell: The plague at Eyam. In: The Practitioner, 1969, July, Volume 202, Issue 213, PMID 4895698 , pp. 98-104.
  • John Findlay Drew Shrewsbury: A History of Bubonic Plague in the British Isles. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1970, ISBN 0-521-07083-X .
  • Leslie Bradley: The Most Famous of All English Plagues: A Detailed Analysis of the Plague at Eyham 1665-6. In: The Plague Reconsidered, Cambridge, 1977, ISBN 0-905476-03-4 , pp. 63-94.
  • GF Raggett: A Stochastic Model Of The Eyam Plague. Journal of Applied Statistics, Volume 9, Issue 2, 1982, pp. 212-225, doi : 10.1080 / 02664768200000021
  • Michel P. Coleman: A Plague Epidemic in Voluntary Quarantine. International Journal of Epidemiology, 1986, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. 379-385, doi : 10.1093 / ije / 15.3.379
  • John G Clifford; Francine Clifford: Eyam parish register 1630-1700. Derbyshire Record Society, 21, Chesterfield 1993, ISBN 0-946324-17-4 .
  • Philip Race: Some further consideration of the plague in Eyam, 1665/6 (PDF; 824 kB) , Local Population Studies, 54, 1995, pp. 65-57.
  • Susan Scott, Christopher J. Duncan: Plague at Eyam in 1665–1666: a case study. In: Biology of Plagues. Evidence from Historical Populations, Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-521-01776-9 , pp. 261-283, doi : 10.1017 / CBO9780511542527.012 , preview at Google Books
  • E. Massad, FA Coutinho, MN Burattini, LF Lopez: The Eyam plague revisited: did the village isolation change transmission from fleas to pulmonary? Medical Hypothesesm, Volume 63, Issue 5, 2004, pp. 911-915, doi : 10.1016 / j.mehy.2004.03.028
  • Patrick Wallis: A Dreadful Heritage: Interpreting Epidemic Disease at Eyam, 1666–2000 (PDF; 220 kB), Working Papers on The Nature of Evidence: How Well Do 'Facts' Travel? No. 02/05, London School of Economics, May 2005; Also in: Hist Workshop Journal, Spring 2006, Volume 61, Issue 1, pp. 31–56, doi : 10.1093 / hwj / dbi060

Web links

Commons : Eyam  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Parish Headcounts: Eyam CP . In: Neighborhood Statistics . Office for National Statistics . Retrieved May 15, 2012.
  2. ^ Living with the plague . In: Local Legends . BBC . Retrieved May 15, 2012.
  3. ↑ a b Mystery of the Black Death . In: Secrets of the Dead . PBS . Retrieved May 15, 2012.
  4. ↑ a b c d Clifford (1989)
  5. ↑ Nigel Blundell: Plague Legacy. Saga, February 2002, pp. 45-47.
  6. ↑ Is there a genetic reason some people survived the plague during the middle ages? ( Memento of the original from October 12, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Ask a geneticist  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.thetech.org
  7. ↑ Alison P. Galvani, Montgomery Slatkin: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures for the CCR5-Δ32 HIV-resistance alleles. PNAS, December 9, 2003, Volume 100, Issue 25, pp. 15276-15279, doi : 10.1073 / pnas.2435085100
  8. ^ White's History, Gazetteer & Directory of the County of Derby, for 1857
  9. ^ The Mechanics Institute, Eyam
  10. ^ Frank Rodgers: Curiosities of Derbyshire and the Peak District. Derbyshire Countryside, 2000, ISBN 0-85100-132-7 .
  11. ↑ Eyam Saxon cross . In: Images of England . English Heritage . Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved May 15, 2012. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.imagesofengland.org.uk
  12. ^ Neville T. Sharpe, Crosses of the Peak District (Landmark Collectors Library, 2002)
  13. ↑ Poem about a return to Eyam ( Memento of the original from June 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk
  14. ^ The desolation of Eyam: the emigrant: a tale of the American woods and others poems , 1827, original at Google Books
    The Desolation of Eyam. , English Poetry 1579-1830, Virginia Tech University
  15. ↑ Because of the subject, the poem was discussed in the British Medical Journal on November 30, 1889 , taking the poetic expression literally: “The author speaks of the pestilence and its hellborn brood ; and again of firebolts from heaven's reeking nostrils. Such phraseology aptly exemplifies the mental attitude of men who lived in the infancy of modern science, when in the plague they saw the angry stroke of offended Deity, and recognized the 'scourge' of God in what we know to be only the scourge of filth . "
  16. ↑ Years of Wonders , introductory chapter at harpercollins.com.au
  17. ↑ 'The Roses of Eyam' , survivors-mad-dog.org.uk
  18. ^ Eyam , The Guide to Musical Theater
  19. ↑ Tracks of the Salford performance 2010 under archive link ( Memento of the original from August 16, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.theringofstones.co.uk
  20. ↑ John Trevor ; Text Roses of Eyam