Field funnel
| Field funnel | ||||||||||||
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Field funnelling ( Clitocybe dealbata ) |
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| Clitocybe dealbata | ||||||||||||
| ( Sowerby ) grief |
The field funnel ( Clitocybe dealbata ) is a fungus from the family of knight relatives (Tricholomataceae) with small, white fruiting bodies, which is very common on lawns, meadows and other grassy locations in Europe and North America . It can contain a potentially lethal amount of muscarin .
features
It has small, whitish or creamy-yellow to pale meat-ocher-colored fruit bodies with a 2 to 5 centimeter wide, thin, flattened and later barely depressed or almost funnel-shaped hat . The hat surface is matt, whitish and slightly frosted. The edge is curved, slightly notched in places, curled up when young and wavy with age. The crowded lamellas are creamy white with ocher-colored or flesh-colored reflections and are broadly attached to the stem or run down briefly. The spore print is white. The stem is 2 to 4 centimeters high and 0.5 to 1 centimeter thick and cylindrical in shape. It has often grown outside the middle of the hat. It is fibrous, first full-fleshed and hollow when old. Its surface is colored like the hat and the tip is sometimes powdered. The flesh is pale, watery and pale flesh-colored and has a floury-spermatic odor and mild, floury taste. The spores are hyaline , oval shaped, smooth in surface, and measure 3 to 4 by 5 to 6 micrometers.
Species delimitation
The field funnelling belongs to a number of very similar, poisonous species from the Candicantes section , to which the Rinnigbereifte Fichterling ( Clitocybe rivulosa ) also belongs. These can often only be differentiated by experts. The two species Clitocybe rivulosa and Clitocybe dealbata are also often interpreted differently in the literature.
Inexperienced mushroom pickers, the clove-marasmius ( Marasmius oreades ) or other weißhütige mushrooms as calocybe gambosa ( Calocybe gambosa ), flour fungus ( Clitopilus prunulus ), various white Hygrophorus and cuphophyllus or white button mushrooms or tricholoma collect, they can easily highly toxic funnel Lingen from the relationship confuse the field funnel, as these can sometimes occur in the same locations.
Distribution and ecology
The field funnel is common and common in Europe and North America. It lives as a saprobiont in grassy habitats outside of closed forests. It fruits from July to November with often gregarious fruit bodies , possibly in witch rings . Unfortunately, it often appears in grassy areas where it is encountered by children or young children. This can increase the risk of accidental consumption.
Ingredients, composition
The main poisonous substance of the field funnel is muscarin and therefore the symptoms are those of muscarinic poisoning, namely increased salivation , sweating and tearing within 15 to 30 minutes after ingestion. At large doses, these symptoms may be followed by stomach ache, severe nausea , diarrhea , blurred vision, and difficult breathing. Poisoning generally resolves within two hours. The result of death is rare, but in severe cases it can result from heart failure or respiratory failure . The specific antidote is atropine .
Systematics and taxonomy
The field funnel was first described in 1799 by the British naturalist James Sowerby as Agaricus dealbatus . In 1871 it got its current name when it was placed in the genus Clitocybe by Paul Kummer . The species is often viewed as synonymous with Clitocybe rivulosa and, according to Marcel Bon , the name Clitocybe dealbata could be invalid as a noun dubium , as Sowerby's description does not match the friesschen .
The kind epithet is derived from the Latin verb dealbare , which means "whitewash" or "white". Because of the symptoms of poisoning, it is also known in English as "sweating mushroom".
See also
Web links
swell
- ↑ a b Paul Kummer: The Guide to Mushroom Science. Instructions for the methodical, easy and safe determination of the fungi occurring in Germany . 2nd Edition. G. Luppe, Hof-Buchhandlung, Zerbst 1882, p. 126 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
- ↑ a b Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 136 .
- ^ R. Phillips: Mushrooms and other fungi of Great Britain and Europe . Pan Books, 1985, ISBN 0-330-26441-9 .
- ↑ Hans E. Laux: The great cosmos mushroom guide. All edible mushrooms with their poisonous doppelgangers. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-440-08457-4 , p. 136.
- ↑ Hans E. Laux: Edible mushrooms and their poisonous doppelgangers . Collect mushrooms - the right way. Kosmos Verlags-GmbH, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 978-3-440-10240-4 , p. 52 .
- ↑ Hans E. Laux (Ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 56 .
- ^ H. Haas: The young specialist looks at fungi . Burke, London 1969, ISBN 0-222-79409-7 , pp. 132 .
- ^ A b DR Benjamin: Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas: A Handbook for Naturalists, Mycologists, and Physicians . WH Freeman, New York 1995, ISBN 0-7167-2649-1 .
- ↑ James Sowerby: Colored Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms . J. Davis, 1799, plate 123 ( Colored Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms - drawing).
- ^ Thomas W. Kuyper: Some taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the Tricholomataceae, tribus Clitocybeae . In: Persoonia . tape 16 , part 2, 1996, ISSN 0031-5850 , p. 225-232 ( repository.naturalis.nl ).
- ^ Marcel Bon: Flore mycologique d'Europe. (= Documents mycologiques / Mémoire hors série . Volume 4 : Tricholomataceae. Part 2: Les clitocybes, omphales et ressemblants , No. 4 ). CRDP, Amiens April 1997, OCLC 174278367 , p. 61 .
- ^ DP Simpson: Cassell's Latin Dictionary . 5th edition. Cassell Ltd., London 1979, ISBN 0-304-52257-0 , pp. 883 .