Fosterella

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Fosterella
Fosterella rusbyi (Syn .: Fosterella elata)

Fosterella rusbyi (Syn .: Fosterella elata )

Systematics
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Bromeliads (Bromeliaceae)
Subfamily : Pitcairnioideae
Genre : Fosterella
Scientific name
Fosterella
LBSm.

Fosterella is a genus of plants in the subfamily Pitcairnioideae withinthe bromeliad family (Bromeliaceae). The approximately 31 species since 2009 are mainly distributed in central South America . They are rare in private collections, although some species are easy to maintain, but most botanical gardens display some species. Nothing is known about other uses by humans.

description

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Fosterella weberbaueri
Habit and inflorescence of Fosterella spectabilis
Section of an inflorescence of Fosterella penduliflora with three-fold radial symmetry flowers
Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Fosterella vasquezii

Habit and leaves

The Fosterella species grow as evergreen, mesophytic to xerophytic , perennial herbaceous plants . The root system is well developed and serves to absorb water and nutrients. The shoot axes are mostly compressed, only a few species form a short trunk (only in Fosterella caulescens , Fosterella cotacajensis , Fosterella heterophylla , Fosterella rexiae and Fosterella weddelliana ). They thrive terrestrially or lithophytically (directly on rocks). During the vegetative stage, which lasts for a few years, the plants remain low, in the flowering stage they reach heights of 25 to 200 centimeters. All species are not hardy . Renewal buds are used to form kindles and thus enable vegetative reproduction.

The alternate leaves often stand together in rosettes on the compressed stem axis and often lie flat on the ground, but do not form cisterns, so they do not have the typical habitus of many bromeliads. The leaves are rarely distributed in a spiral on the non-compressed stem axis. The leaves are 1 to 7 inches wide and up to 100 inches long. The leaf blades are mostly linear to lanceolate and in some species they are more or less narrowed at the base. The leaf margin is usually smooth, but in some species it is serrated at the base of the leaf. In some species a water storage tissue is formed. The leaf surfaces have mostly shield-shaped trichomes , especially on the underside, star-shaped trichomes only in three species .

Inflorescences and flowers

The terminal, thin, often relatively long inflorescence stem is often hairy and has green bracts similar to foliage , which are only serrated in Fosterella rexiae and Fosterella weddelliana, otherwise smooth-edged. The rarely simple, mostly loosely branched inflorescences are composed of mostly paniculate , rarely racemose , one-sided or spreading partial inflorescences . The partial inflorescences contain small bracts and bracts and a few to many stalked, nodding or upright flowers.

The mostly relatively small (mostly about 1 centimeter), inconspicuous flowers have a double perianth. The hermaphrodite, threefold flowers are more or less radial symmetry . The three free sepals are usually green and shorter than the petals. The free petals are usually white to whitish, only with Fosterella gracilis they are yellow and with Fosterella spectabilis they are red. The petals have no scales (ligula) at the base. Depending on the species, the petals are upright and more or less straight ( Fosterella floridensis ) to curved back ( Fosterella penduliflora ) or roll up like a clock spring ( Fosterella albicans ). There are two circles, each with three free stamens , which are sometimes curved. The initially straight anthers roll up a little later. The three carpels are a half under constant ovary grown. The scar is usually simply upright, less often spirally twisted. Pollination is mostly done by insects.

The flower formula is:

Fruits and seeds

It forms spherical, three-lobed capsule fruits with many seeds. The 3 to 5 mm tiny, narrow seeds are able to fly through two appendages ( anemochory ), but they probably do not fly far.

Metabolism and number of chromosomes

C3 photosynthesis takes place and not CAM as in the closest related Deuterocohnia , Dyckia and Encholirium . The number of chromosomes is usually x = 25, although polyploidy is not uncommon.

Habit of Fosterella albicans in the habitat

Systematics and distribution

The genus Fosterella was established in 1960 by Lyman Bradford Smith in Phytologia , Volume 7, p. 171. The type species of the genus is Fosterella micrantha (Lindl.) LBSm. originally called Pitcairnia micrantha Lindl. in Edward's Bot. Reg. , 29, misc. 44, 1843. The genus Fosterella was named after the American gardener and collector Mulford Bateman Foster (1888–1978), who made many species available to Lyman B. Smith for new descriptions. A synonym for Fosterella L.B.Sm. is Fosterelia Airy Shaw nom. inval.

Since the genus was last edited by Lyman B. Smith and RJ Downs (1974–1977) in Flora Neotropica , in which 13 species are listed, many new species have been described and the number has grown to 30 today. Most of the species are rare and often local endemic, so it can be assumed that a number of species are still waiting to be discovered and described. A DFG project Systematics and phylogeny of Fosterella (Bromeliaceae) ( Pierre Ibisch , Georg Zizka , Roberto Vasquez, Kurt Weising 2002 to 2007) aimed to revise the genus. In addition to several other publications, Martina Rex's 2007 dissertation collects information on the genre. Molecular genetic investigations (AFLP, RAPD, chloroplast DNA ) were carried out to clarify the relationships . The monophyletic genus Fosterella remains so far as one of six genera in the subfamily Pitcairnioideae s. st.

The area of the genus Fosterella is disjoint . Most of the species are native to central South America. Only Fosterella micrantha occurs in isolation in Central America from southern Mexico , Guatemala , to El Salvador . With the northern Brazilian state of Pará has Fosterella batistana also an isolated area. The center of biodiversity is in Bolivia in the Yungas mountain rainforests of the La Paz department . There are also species in Peru ( Fosterella aletroides ), Paraguay ( Fosterella rojasii ) or in Brazil (for example Fosterella hatschbachii and Fosterella windischii ). The origin of the genus is probably in the lowlands on the Precambrian shield of Guiana . Some species came to the Andes and one species to Central America through long-distance distribution . Many species are local endemic species with island-like occurrences, for example in inner-Andean dry valleys. They thrive in semi-humid to arid areas.

According to Jule Peters, the genus Fosterella has included around 31 species since 2009:
Habit and inflorescence of Fosterella micrantha
Habit of Fosterella petiolata in the habitat
Habitus and inflorescences of Fosterella weddelliana in the habitat
  • Fosterella albicans ( Griseb. ) LBSmith (Syn .: Fosterella fuentesii Ibisch, R.Vásquez & E. Gross ): It thrives on steep rocky slopes in Bolivia and Argentina .
  • Fosterella aletroides (LBSm.) LBSm. : It thrives on the edge of the forest at altitudes of around 900 meters in the Peruvian department of Cuzco.
  • Fosterella batistana Ibisch , Leme & J.Peters : It was first described in 2008 from the Brazilian state of Para. It thrives on rocks.
  • Fosterella caulescens Rauh : It thrives in the Yungas of Bolivia.
  • Fosterella chaparensis Ibisch, R.Vásquez & E.Gross : It thrives in moist slopes of very humid piedmont rainforests at altitudes from 600 to 1550 meters only in Cochabamba, Bolivia.
  • Fosterella christophii Ibisch, Leme & J. Peters : It was first described in 2008 from Santa Cruz in Bolivia. It thrives terrestrially at altitudes of around 450 meters.
  • Fosterella cotacajensis Kessler, Ibisch & E. Gross : It thrives at altitudes of 2100 to 2200 meters in the Bolivian Cochabamba and La Paz.
  • Fosterella elviragrossiae Ibisch, R.Vásquez & J.Peters : It was first described in 2008 from the Bolivian Cochabamba. It thrives terrestrially at altitudes of around 1330 meters.
  • Fosterella floridensis Ibisch, R.Vásquez & E. Gross : It thrives in the herbaceous layer of semi-humid forests at altitudes of 450 to 1100 meters in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, and La Paz.
  • Fosterella gracilis (Rusby) LBSm. : It only thrives at altitudes of around 450 meters in La Paz, Bolivia.
  • Fosterella graminea (LBSm.) LBSm. : It only thrives at altitudes of around 700 meters in La Paz, Bolivia.
  • Fosterella hatschbachii L.B.Sm. & RWRead : It only thrives at altitudes of around 1,700 meters in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul .
  • Fosterella heterophylla Rauh : It only thrives at altitudes of around 1000 meters in La Paz, Bolivia.
  • Fosterella kroemeri Ibisch, R.Vásquez & J.Peters : It only thrives terrestrially in La Paz, Bolivia.
  • Fosterella micrantha (Lindl.) LBSmith : It thrives mostly terrestrially, rarely epiphytically in moist or dry forests at altitudes of about 330 to 1200 meters from Mexico to Guatemala and El Salvador .
  • Fosterella nicoliana J. Peters & Ibisch : It wasfirst describedin 2008 in The Bromeliad . It differs in fruit and shape of the seeds from all other species. It is widespread in the Amazon region in the Peruvian departments of San Martin and Loreto.
  • Fosterella pearcei (Baker) LBSm. : It only thrives at altitudes of 750 to 900 meters in La Paz, Bolivia.
  • Fosterella penduliflora (CHWright) LBSm. (Syn .: Fosterella chiquitana Ibisch, R.Vásquez & E. Gross , Fosterella latifolia Ibisch, R.Vásquez & E. Gross ): It thrives on shady rock slopes at altitudes of 500 to 1500 meters in Peru and Argentina .
  • Fosterella petiolata (Mez) LBSm. : It thrives on rocks only in the Peruvian Department of Puno.
  • Fosterella rexiae Ibisch, R.Vásquez & E. Gross : It only thrives at altitudes of 800 to 1300 meters in La Paz, Bolivia.
  • Fosterella robertreadii Ibisch & J.Peters : It was first described in 2008 from the Peruvian Department of Cusco. It thrives terrestrially at altitudes of 900 to 1200 meters.
  • Fosterella rojasii (LBSmith) LBSm. : It occurs in Paraguay .
  • Fosterella rusbyi (Mez) LBSm. (Syn .: Fosterella elata H.Luther ): It only occurs in La Paz, Bolivia.
  • Fosterella schidosperma (Baker) LBSm. : It thrives at altitudes of about 2000 meters in Peru and Bolivia.
  • Fosterella spectabilis H.Luther : It thrives terrestrially or on rocks at altitudes of around 1700 meters only in Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
  • Fosterella vasquezii E. Gross & Ibisch : It thrives on steep sandstone cliffs at altitudes of around 200 meters only in Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
  • Fosterella villosula (Harms) LBSmith : It thrives on shady rocks at altitudes of 900 to 1600 meters in Bolivia.
  • Fosterella weberbaueri (Mez) LBSmith (Syn .: Fosterella schidosperma var. Vestita L.B.Smith & RWRead ): It thrives at altitudes of about 600 meters in Peru and in Bolivia only in Cochabamba.
  • Fosterella weddelliana (Brongniart ex Baker) LBSmith (Syn .: Fosterella nowickii Ibisch, R.Vásquez & E. Gross ): It thrives in marsh meadows in Bolivia only in La Paz.
  • Fosterella windischii L.B.Smith & RWRead : It thrives on rock outcrops in dry forests at altitudes of around 300 meters in Brazil and in Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
  • Fosterella yuvinkae Ibisch, R.Vásquez, E.Gross & S.Reichle : It was first described in 2008 from the Bolivian Chiquitos.

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Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jason R. Grant An Annotated Catalog of the Generic Names of the Bromeliaceae. In: The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, 1998. (Origin of the generic names in the Bromeliaceae family in English)
  2. ^ Harry E. Luther: An Alphabetical List of Bromeliad Binomials , 2008 in The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens , Sarasota, Florida, USA. Published by The Bromeliad Society International .
  3. ↑ a b Jule Peters: Dissertation in the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the University of Kassel: Revision of the genus Fosterella (Bromeliaceae) , 2009: Online. (Section description, distribution and systematics; PDF; 16.0 MB)
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai In "Species Index" click on Billbergia at Eric J. Gouda, Derek Butcher, Kees Gouda: Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads , Version 3.1 (2012). Retrieved December 3, 2014

Web links

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