Francesco Stancaro

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Francesco Stancaro (also: Franciscus Stancarus ; * around 1501 in Mantua ; † November 12, 1574 in Stopnica , Poland ) was an Italian humanist , physician, Hebraist , Unitarian theologian and reformer in Switzerland , Poland, Prussia and Transylvania .

Life

Stancaro was born in Mantua around 1501 to a likely Jewish family, but the exact date of birth is unknown. He joined a religious order, studied humanistic subjects, scholastic theology and came into contact with the Unitarian Baptist Camillo Renato . In 1530 he published the first grammar book on the Hebrew language. Around 1540 he turned to the Reformation in Padua , married and was imprisoned by the Venetian authorities.

Released in 1542, he went to Chiavenna , which was part of the more tolerant Grisons . He came to the Protestant congregation, which was then led by Francesco Negri . Stancaro likely divorced his wife during this period. In 1544 he went on to Vienna , where he got a Hebrew professorship; but when it became known that he had apostatized from the Roman Catholic Church, he had to leave the city on the orders of King Ferdinand. So he went to Augsburg, where he took part in the religious discussion and got to know Bernardino Ochino , who was able to find him a job as a Greek and Hebrew teacher. After the defeat of the Protestants in the Narrow Kaldic War , he fled to Basel , where he did his doctorate in theology and in 1547 published a Hebrew grammar and a commentary on the Letter of James . He was in close contact with the humanist Celio Secondo Curione , also from Italy , who tried unsuccessfully to thread a professorship for Stancaro. Therefore he returned to Chiavenna again, where he came into contact again with the Anabaptist - Unitarian -minded Camillo Renato, without completely adopting his beliefs. At that time, Stancaro represented an understanding of the Lord's Supper that was similar to that of Martin Luther .

In 1548 Stancaro moved to Poland via Transylvania, where he taught Hebrew and the Old Testament at the University of Krakow . Because of his criticism of the veneration of saints , which he had expressed in a lecture on psalms, Stancaro was denounced in 1550 by Stanislaus Hosius , Nikolaus Schadek and Piotr Goniadzki and imprisoned in Lipowitz . There he wrote the text Contra invocationem sanctorum (German: Against the invocation of the saints ). After two months he was liberated and in 1550 initially found refuge with the evangelical nobleman Nikolaus Olésnicki in Pinczow. On his initiative, a Reformed church was founded there, which became the nucleus of both the Reformed and the Unitarian Church in Poland. During this time he also wrote the Canones Reformationis , a reformed church doctrine that consisted of 50 articles, but which could not be published in Frankfurt an der Oder until 1552 .

In 1551 he moved to ducal Prussia , where he was again able to hold a Hebrew professorship at the University of Königsberg . There he got involved in the Osiandrian dispute , disputed with Andreas Osiander and wrote his "Apologia contra Osiandrum". Here he took the view that salvation qua reconciliation could only be brought about through the human nature of Christ. The Son as the second person of the Trinity would have to be subordinate to the Father. These theses were close to a subordinatorial tritheism , as it was also to be found in Matteo Gribaldi and Giovanni Valentino Gentile at the beginning of the Unitarian movement during the Reformation .

Stancaro left Königsberg in 1551 and lived in Transylvania for a few years. Because of his subordinate theses, Stancaro was excommunicated from the Reformed Church of Poland in 1560. The controversy over his theses, however, played a role that should not be underestimated in the breakdown of the Polish Reformed Church into a Calvinist Ecclesia reformata maior (Great Reformed Church) that adhered to the Trinity and infant baptism and a Unitarian, Anabaptist-anti-Trinitarian Ecclesia reformata minor (≈ Small Reformed Church ), which became known as the Polish Brothers .

In the last years of his life he continued his travels, visiting Poland, Hungary and Transylvania . Stancaro died in Stopnica, Poland, in 1574 .

Works (selection)

  • De modo legendi Hebraice institutio brevissima (German: The shortest way to teach and read Hebrew ), Venice 1530
  • Suae ebraee grammaticae compendium, nunc primum excussum (German: The Hebrew grammar, summarized for the first time ), Basel 1547
  • In epistolam canonicam D. Jacobi Heriolymitani expositio pia (German: Der kanonische Jakobusbrief piously declared ), Basel 1547
  • Miscellanea theologica. Nempe gradus beneficiorum dei, de templis Judaeorum, bibliorum scriptroes, deprophetis, Israeliticus ordo, de synagogis, modus legendas prophetas, linguae ebrae inclinatio, ebrei unde dicti, lectionis in synagoga. Noviter excussa (German: Popular theology. About God's blessing, the Jewish temple, the biblical writings, the prophets, the order of Israel, the synagogues, the understanding of the prophets, the adaptation of the Hebrew language and the readings in the synagogue. Newcomers are excused ), 1547
  • Opera nuova di FS Mantovano della Riformatione, si della dottrina Christiana, come della vera intelligentia dei sacramenti. with maturi consideratione et fondamento della scrittura santa, et consoglio de Santi Padri. non solamente utile, ma necessaria a ogni stato et conditione di Persone (German: New works of the FS from Mantua on the Reformation, be it Christian doctrine, as well as on the true understanding of the sacraments. With careful consideration and on the foundation of Holy Scripture, and by counseling the Holy Fathers. Not only useful, but a necessary condition and condition for people ), Basel 1547
  • Canones Reformationis (German: Reformed Canon or Church Doctrine ), Frankfurt / Oder 1552
  • Collatio doctrinae Arrii, et Philippi Melanchthonis, et sequacium Arrii et Philippi Melanchthonis et Francisci Davidis et reliquorum Saxonum doctrina de Filio Dei, Domino Jesu Christo, una est et eadem (German: Presentation of the teachings of Arius and those of Philipp Melanchthon, their followers and that of Franz Davidis and the rest of the Saxons; and teaching about the Son of God and the Lord Jesus Christ, which are the same ), 1559
  • De officiis mediatoris domini Jesu Christi et secundum quam naturam haec officia exhibuerit et executusd fuerit (German: The official mediator Lord Jesus Christ and how his exposure and execution are portrayed according to his way ), 1559
  • De Trinitate et Mediatore Domino nostro Iesu Christo adversus Henricum Bullingerum ... Ad magnificos et generosos Dominos Nobiles ac eorum Ministeros a variis Pseudoevabelicis seductis (German: From the trinity and mediation of our Lord Jesus Christ according to Heinrich Bullinger ... and how wonderful and generous serving the noble lords despite various supposed problems ), Krakow 1562
  • De trinitate et unitate Dei, deque incarnatione et mediatione domini nostri Jesu Christi (German: Of the trinity and unity of God, through the incarnation and mediation of the Lord Jesus Christ ), 1567
  • Summa confessionis fidei F: S. Matvani, et quorundam discipulorum suorum, triginta octo articulis comprehensa (German: sum of the creed of FS from Mantua, and some of his students, summarized in thirty-eight articles ), 1570

literature

  • Jan-Andrea Bernhard: Consolidation of the Reformed Confession in the Empire of the St. Stephen's Crown: A Contribution to the History of Communication between Hungary and Switzerland in the Early Modern Era (1500-1700) , Refo500 Academic Studies (R5AS), Volume 19, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , Göttingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-64755-070-1 , p. 220 f.
  • Irene Dingel and Kestutis Daugirdas: Antitrinitarian Disputes: The Tritheistic Phase (1560–1568), Theological Controversies 1548-1577 / 80 , Controversia et Confessio, Volume 9, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , Göttingen 2013, ISBN 978-3-647-56015-1 , P. 179 f.
  • Karin Friedrich and Barbara M. Pendzich: Citizenship and Identity in a Multinational Commonwealth: Poland-Lithuania in Context, 1550-1772, Studies in Central European Histories , Volume 46, Brill, Leiden 2009, ISBN 978-9-00416-983-8 , P. 183 f.
  • Lorenz Hein: Italian Protestants and their influence on the Reformation in Poland during the two decades before the Sandomir Consensus 1570 , Brill, Leiden 1974, ISBN 978-9-00403-893-6 , p. 66 f.
  • Barbara Mahlmann-Bauer: Protestant religious refugees in Switzerland (1540–1580). In: Hartmut Laufhütte , Michael Titzmann (ed.): Heterodoxy in the early modern times (= early modern times. Vol. 117). De Gruyter, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-1109-2869-3 , pp. 119-160.
  • Olaf Reese: Lutheran metaphysics in dispute. Reports of Calov's anti-Socinian campaigns , dissertation, Göttingen 2008, pages 87 f.
  • Francesco Ruffini: Francesco Stancaro: contributo alla storia della Riforma in Italia , Religio, 1935
  • Barbara Sher Tinsley: Pierre Bayle's Reformation: Conscience and Criticism on the Eve of the Enlightenment , Susquehanna University Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-57591-043-7 , pp. 285-301: chap. 13: Francesco Stancaro (1501-1574), Defender of the Trinity
  • Manfred E. Welti: Brief history of the Italian Reformation (= writings of the Association for Reformation History . Vol. 193). Mohn, Gütersloh 1985, ISBN 3-579-01663-6 , pp. 122-125 ( digitized in the Google book search).
  • Erich Wenneker :  Francesco Stancaro. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 10, Bautz, Herzberg 1995, ISBN 3-88309-062-X , Sp. 1148-1152.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive )

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Lorenz Hein: Italian Protestants and their influence on the Reformation in Poland during the two decades before the Sandomir Consensus 1570 , Brill, Leiden 1974, ISBN 978-9-00403-893-6 , p. 66 f.
  2. ^ Biography of Stancaro Francesco the Elder on the Controversia et Confessio website of the University of Mainz
  3. ↑ Lorenz Hein: Italian Protestants and their influence on the Reformation in Poland during the two decades before the Sandomir Consensus 1570 , Brill, Leiden 1974, ISBN 978-9-00403-893-6 , p. 66 f.
personal data
SURNAME Stancaro, Francesco
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Italian Unitarian theologian and reformer
DATE OF BIRTH around 1501
PLACE OF BIRTH Mantua
DATE OF DEATH November 12, 1574
Place of death Stopnica , Poland