Bernardino Ochino

Bernardino Ochino

Bernardino Ochino or Bernardino Occhino (* 1487 in Siena , † 1564 in Austerlitz in Moravia ) was a Reformation theologian from Italy who worked as a Protestant pastor in Switzerland, Augsburg , Strasbourg and London .

Live and act

At a young age he became a Franciscan , in 1534 he switched to the newly founded, stricter Capuchin order . In 1538 he became its general . A moral lifestyle and enthusiastic sermons earned him the reputation of a saint. Through contacts with the Spaniard Juan de Valdés , who had been in Germany with Charles V , the Augustinian prior Pietro Martire Vermigli , the poet Vittoria Colonna , the Cardinal Gasparo Contarini and Caterina Cybo , he got to know and appreciate the new teachings of the German Reformation early on . He preached especially to justify by faith, a main theme of the Reformation, and in 1542 openly confessed to this new teaching for the first time in Venice.

When he was summoned to Rome by the Pope in 1542 on suspicion of heresy , he fled first to Chiavenna in Graubünden , then to Zurich , where he stayed only a few days and came into contact with the local reformer Heinrich Bullinger . Then he moved on to Geneva , where he stayed for three years, married an Italian from Lucca, entered into a friendly relationship with Jean Calvin , became pastor of the Italian community, preached and also published. In 1545 he traveled on to Basel and Augsburg, where he also became pastor of the Italian-speaking congregation there. For religious reasons ( Schmalkaldic War ) he had to move to Strasbourg in 1547, where he met again with Peter Martyr Vermigli. The English reformer Thomas Cranmer invited them to London together with Martin Bucer . There he received a pension from King Edward VI. and became - as at his previous whereabouts - preacher of the Italian-speaking evangelical community.

In 1553 Ochino had to leave England because of the new Catholic Queen Maria Tudor and he returned to Switzerland to Geneva and Basel. In 1554 he stayed again in Chiavenna in Graubünden, where he was received by the reformer Agostino Mainardi , around whom a large evangelical congregation had formed. In 1555 he came back to Basel and then to Zurich, where he became pastor in the Church of St. Peter of the evangelical community of Locarnos , which had just been expelled .

Ochino was an independent thinker and nonconformist writer and therefore also criticized inconsistencies and grievances in reformed Geneva and Zurich. The Zurich rulers demanded that his books be censored beforehand. He circumvented this, and his book Thirty Dialogues sparked offense because of the 21st Dialogue, which openly dealt with polygamy and monogamous marriage. He was also accused - presumably wrongly - of anti-Trinitarianism . So it became untenable and was banished by the Zurich council on December 2, 1563 for heresy. Shortly before, his wife had died in a fall. He had to leave Zurich with his four children and went to Nuremberg . In the spring of 1564 he moved on to Poland and, as an alleged heretic, could no longer find a permanent home. After the death of three of his children, he also died in December 1564 of the plague in Slavkov, Moravia .

Works

• Prediche di Bernardino Ochino da Siena , Jean Girard, Geneva 1542
• Bernardini Ochini Senen. Responsio ad Mutium Justinopolitanum, qua rationem reddit sui discessus ab Italia , Jean Girard, Geneva 1543
• Epistola magistri Hieronimi Lucensis, ad Bernadinum Ochinum Senensem: cum responsione eiusdem Bernardini , Girolamo Frediani, Jean Girard, Geneva 1543
• Epistola di Bernardino Ochino, alli molti magnifici signore, li Signori di Balia della citta di Siena , Jean Girard, Geneva 1543
• Expositione di Bernardino Ochino di Siena, sopra la epistola di S. Paulo alli Romani , Jean Girard, Geneva 1545
• De amplitudine misericordiae Dei absolutissima Oratio Item, Sermones tres D. Bernardini Occhini, de Officio Christiani principis, eodem interprete. Item, Sacrae Declamationes quinque: Ad Sereniss. & clementiss. Angliae Regem Eduardum VI. , with Marsilio Andreasi, Coelius Horatius Curius and Heinrich Pantaleon, Johannes Oporinus , Basel 1550
• Apologues, esquels se descouvrent les abuz, folies, superstitions, unerurs, idolatries, et impietez de la synagogue du pape: et specialement des prestres , Jean Girard, Geneva 1554
• Apologi nelli quali si scuoprano li abusi, schiocheze, superstitioni, errori, idolatrie ed impietà della sinagoga del Papa. Et spetialmente de suoi preti , Jean Girard, Geneva 1554
• La quarta parte delle prediche di M. Bernardino Occhino, non mai piu stampate, nelle quali con mirabile ordine si tratta dell 'anima & di diverse cose , Michael Isengrin and Pietro Perna , Basel 1555 (?)
• Bernardini Ochini Senensis viri doctissimi, de purgatorio dialogus , with Taddeo Duno , Andrea and Jacobo den Gessneren Brothers, Zurich 1555/1556 (German with Ulrich Zwingli : Dialogus, that is a conversation from the Fägfheür, in which the bäpstleren rightful and wrong founder, receiving the Fägfheür, being refuted )
• Antithesis de praeclaris Christi et indignis Papae facinoribus, cum Dei decalogis mandatis Antichristi oppositis, cumque utriusque morum descriptione , with Simon du Rosier, Zacharie Durant, Geneva 1557
• Conseils et advis de plusieurs excellens personnages, sur le proces des temporiseurs. Et comment les fideles se doivent maintenir demourans en terre de: Crespin, Jean; Poupin, Abel; Luther, Martin; Oecolampadius, Joannes; Zwingli, Ulrich; Bucer, Martin; Vermigli, Pietro Martire; Calvin, Jean; Sultzer, Simon; Laski, Jan; Ochino, Bernardino; Curione, Celio Secondo; Viret, Pierre; Borrhaeus, Martinus; Myconius, Oswald; Musculus, Wolfgang; Alexandre, Pierre , Jean Crespin , Geneva 1558
• Dialogue de M. Bernardin Ochin Senois, touchant le purgatoire , Antoine Cercia, Geneva 1559
• Il Catechismo, o vero institutione christiana , Pietro Perna, Basel 1561
• Bernardini Ochini Senensis liber de corporis Christi praesentia in Coenae Sacramento In quo acuta est tractatio de Missae origine atque erroribus: itemque altera de Conciliatione controversiae inter reformatas Ecclesias: Cui adiunximus eiusdem authoris Labyrinthos de Divina Praenotione servio: Ombitrinis nuncimum prenotione servio, & homnia ex Italico in Latinum sermonem translata , Pietro Perna, Basel 1561 (?)
• Prediche del R. Padre Don Serafino da Piagenza, ditte laberinti del libero, o ver servo ar Betrio, prescienza, predestinatione, & libertà divina, ... Molto utili alla salute, non mai piu viste in luce , Pietro Perna, Pavia and Basel 1561
• Antithesis of the faicts de Jesus Christ et du pape: mise en vers françois. Ensemble les traditions et decrets du Pape, opposez aux commandemens de Dieu , with Simon du Rosier, Goulart, Eustache Vignon, Geneva 1578
• Bernardini Ochini Senensis Dialogi XXX. In duos libros diuisi quorum primus est de Messia, continet (que) dialogos XVIII, Secundus est, cum de rebus varijs, tum potissimum de Trinitate: Quorum argumenta in secunda utrius (que) libri pagina inuenies , Sébastien Châteillon, Basel; for Pietro Perna, 1613 (?)

literature

• Roland H. Bainton : Bernardino Ochino. Esule e riformatore senese de cinquecento 1487–1563. Sansoni, Florence 1940 (bibliography).
• Karl Benrath : Bernardino Ochino from Siena. A contribution to the history of the Reformation. Edition de Graaf, Amsterdam 1968 (repr. Of the edition Braunschweig 1892).
• Emidio Campi : Bernardino Ochino. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
• Hermann-Peter Eberlein: The free spirit in exile. Persecution of heretics using the example of Caelio Secondo Curione, Bernardino Ochino and Etienne Dolet . In: Patrik Mähling (Ed.): Orientation for life. Church education and politics in the late Middle Ages, Reformation and modern times (Festschrift for Manfred Schulze) . Berlin 2010, p. 117-138 .
• Johann Jakob Herzog (first name): Real encyclopedia for Protestant theology and church . tape 14 . ADEVA, Graz 1971, p. 256-258 (repr. Of the edition, Leipzig 1896-1913).
• Barbara Mahlmann-Bauer: Protestant religious refugees in Switzerland (1540–1580). In: Hartmut Laufhütte , Michael Titzmann (ed.): Heterodoxy in the early modern times (= early modern times. Vol. 117). De Gruyter, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-1109-2869-3 , pp. 119-160.
• Umberto Mazzone: Ochino, Bernardino. In: Theological Real Encyclopedia . Volume 25, 1993, pp. 1-6.
• Silvana Seidel Menchi: Heretics in Italy in the 16th Century , in: Uwe Israel and Michael Matheus: Protestants between Venice and Rome in the early modern period , studies of the series of the German Study Center in Venice, Walter de Gruyter, 2013, ISBN 978-3- 05006-326-3 , pp. 25-46
• Rudolf Pfister : For the sake of faith. The Evangelical Refugees from Locarno and their admission to Zurich in 1555. Evangelischer Verlag, Zollikon 1955, pp. 126–131.
• Judith Steiniger: An unknown work by Bernardino Ochino , Theological Publishing House Zurich, Zurich 2016, ISSN 0254-4407
• Mark Taplin: Ochino, Bullinger and the Dialogi XXX , pp. 335–356, In: Emidio Campi and Peter Opitz (eds.): Heinrich Bullinger: Life - Thought - Influence , 2 volumes, Theologischer Verlag Zürich , Zürich 2007, ISBN 978 -3-290-17387-6 .
• Mark Taplin: The Italian Reformers and the Zurich Church, c. 1540-1620 , St. Andrews Studies in Reformation History, Routledge, 2017, ISBN 978-1-35188-729-8 .
• Manfred E. Welti: Brief history of the Italian Reformation (= writings of the Association for Reformation History . Vol. 193). Mohn, Gütersloh 1985, ISBN 3-579-01663-6 , pp. 17-138 ( digitized in the Google book search).
• Erich Wenneker :  Ochino, Bernardino. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 6, Bautz, Herzberg 1993, ISBN 3-88309-044-1 , Sp. 1085-1089.
• Glen G. Williams: The theology of Bernardino Ochino. Dissertation, University of Tübingen 1955.

Web links

• Works by and about Bernardino Ochino  in the German Digital Library
• Digitized works by Ochino in the Munich digitization center.
• Digitized works by Ochino in the Post-Reformation Digital Library.
• Digitized works by Ochino in Bibliothèque des Pasteurs (BPU) Neuchâtel.
• Ochino in Controversio et Confessio. Source edition on confession formation and confessionalization (1548-1580)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Rudolf Pfister: For the sake of faith. The Protestant refugees from Locarno and their admission to Zurich in 1555. Evangelischer Verlag, Zollikon 1955, pp. 126–131.
2. ↑ Paolo Tognina: Bernardino Ochino (1487-1546), pastore dei Locarnesi a Zurigo. ( Memento of the original from December 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Voce Evangelica. 
3. ^ Mark Taplin: The Italian Reformers and the Zurich Church, c. 1540-1620 , St. Andrews Studies in Reformation History, Routledge, 2017, ISBN 978-1-35188-729-8